发展心理学 第12版 英文版PDF电子书下载

part 1 About Human Development 2

chapter 1 The Study of Human Development 2

Human Development：An Ever-Evolving Field 4

Studying the Life Span 5

Human Development Today 5

The Study of Human Development：Basic Concepts 5

Domains of Development 6

Periods of the Life Span 7

Influences on Development 10

Heredity,Environment,and Maturation 10

Contexts of Development 10

Normative and Nonnormative Influences 15

Timing of Influences：Critical or Sensitive Periods 16

Paul B.Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach 18

summary and key terms 20

Box 1.1 Window on the World Child ren of Immigrant Families 14

Box 1.2 Research in Action Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition？ 18

chapter 2 Theory and Research 22

Basic Theoretical Issues 24

Issue 1：Is Development Active or Reactive？ 25

Issue 2：Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous？ 26

Theoretical Perspectives 26

Perspective 1：Psychoanalytic 27

Perspective 2：Learning 30

Perspective 3：Cognitive 32

Perspective 4：Contextual 35

Perspective 5：Evolutionary/Sociobiological 37

A Shifting Balance 37

Research Methods 38

Quantitative and Qualitative Research 38

Sampling 39

Forms of Data Collection 40

Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 42

Basic Research Designs 42

Developmental Research Designs 47

Ethics of Research 49

summary and key terms 50

Box2.1 Window on the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research 44

part 2 Beginnings 52

chapter 3 Forming a New Life 52

Conceiving New Life 54

How Fertilization Takes Place 54

What Causes Multiple Births？ 55

Mechanisms of Heredity 56

The Genetic Code 56

What Determines Sex？ 57

Patterns of Genetic Transmission 58

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities 61

Genetic Counseling and Testing 65

Nature and Nurture：Influences of Heredity and Environment 67

Studying Heredity and Environment 68

How Heredity and Environment Work Together 69

Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment 72

Prenatal Development 74

Stages of Prenatal Development 75

Environmental Influences：Maternal Factors 81

Environmental Influences：Paternal Factors 88

Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development 88

Disparities in Prenatal Care 90

The Need for Preconception Care 90

summary and key terms 91

Box 3.1 Research in Action Genetic Testing 66

chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years 94

Childbirth and Culture：How Birthing Has Changed 96

The Birth Process 98

Stages of Childbirth 98

Electronic Fetal Monitoring 98

Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery 99

Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery 100

The Newborn Baby 101

Size and Appearance 102

Body Systems 102

Medical and Behavioral Assessment 103

States of Arousal 104

Complications of Childbirth 105

Low Birth Weight 105

Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications？ 109

Postmaturity 110

Stillbirth 110

Survival and Health 111

Reducing Infant Mortality 111

Immunization for Better Health 114

Early Physical Development 115

Principles of Development 115

Growth Patterns 116

Nutrition 116

The Brain and Reflex Behavior 118

Early Sensory Capacities 126

Motor Development 127

Milestones of Motor Development 127

Motor Development and Perception 130

Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory of Perception 130

How Motor Development Occurs：Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory 131

Cultural Influences on Motor Development 132

summary and key terms 132

Box 4.1 Research in Action Lessons from Neuroscience 119

Box 4.2 Research in Action The Autism"Epidemic" 122

chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years 136

Studying Cognitive Development：Six Approaches 138

Behaviorist Approach：Basic Mechanics of Learning 139

Classical and Operant Conditioning 139

Infant Memory 139

Psychometric Approach：Developmental and Intelligence Testing 141

Testing Infants and Toddlers 141

Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment 142

Early Intervention 142

Piagetian Approach：The Sensorimotor Stage 144

Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage 144

Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought？ 147

Development of Knowledge about Objects and Symbols 149

Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage 151

Information-Processing Approach：Perceptions and Representations 151

Habituation 151

Visual and Auditory Perceptual and Processing Abilities 152

Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence 153

Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities 155

Evaluating Information Processing Research on Infants 158

Cognitive Neuroscience Approach：The Brain's Cognitive Structures 159

Social-Contextual Approach：Learning from Interactions with Caregivers 160

Language Development 161

Sequence of Early Language Development 161

Characteristics of Early Speech 165

Classic Theories of Language Acquisition：The Nature-Nurture Debate 166

Influences on Early Language Development 168

Preparing for Literacy：The Benefits of Reading Aloud 170

summary and key terms 171

Box 5.1 Research in Action Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television？ 154

chapter 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years 174

Foundations of Psychosocial Development 176

Emotions 176

Temperament 181

Earliest Social Experiences：The Infant in the Family 184

Gender：How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls？ 186

Developmental Issues in Infancy 187

Developing Trust 187

Developing Attachments 188

Emotional Communication with Caregivers：Mutual Regulation 193

Social Referencing 193

Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood 195

The Emerging Sense of Self 195

Development of Autonomy 196

The Roots of Moral Development：Socialization and Internalization 196

Contact with Other Children 200

Siblings 200

Sociability with Nonsiblings 201

Children of Working Parents 201

Effects of Maternal Employment 201

Early Child Care 202

Maltreatment：Abuse and Neglect 205

Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood 205

Contributing Factors：An Ecological View 206

Helping Families in Trouble 207

Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment 208

summary and key terms 209

Box6.1 Research inAction How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development 194

Box 6.2 Window on the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary？ 198

part 3 Early Childhood 212

chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 212

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 214

Aspects of Physical Development 214

Bodily Growth and Change 214

Sleep Patterns and Problems 215

Brain Development 217

Motor Skills 217

Health and Safety 220

Preventing Obesity 220

Undernutrition 221

Food Allergies 222

Deaths and Accidental Injuries 223

Health in Context：Environmental Influences 223

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 227

Piagetian Approach：The Preoperational Child 227

Advances of Preoperational Thought 228

Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought 230

Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind？ 232

Information-Processing Approach：Memory Development 235

Basic Processes and Capacities 235

Recognition and Recall 236

Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories 236

Intelligence：Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches 238

Traditional Psychometric Measures 238

Influences on Measured Intelligence 239

Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory 239

Language Development 240

Vocabulary 240

Grammar and Syntax 241

Pragmatics and Social Speech 242

Private Speech 242

Delayed Language Development 242

Preparation for Literacy 243

Media and Cognition 244

Early Childhood Education 244

Types of Preschools 244

Compensatory Preschool Programs 245

The Child in Kindergarten 246

summary and key terms 247

Box 7.1 Research in Action Food Security 222

Box 7.2 Window on the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life 224

chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 250

The Developing Self 252

The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development 252

Self-Esteem 253

Understanding and Regulating Emotions 254

Erikson：Initiative versus Guilt 256

Gender 256

Gender Differences 256

Perspectives on Gender Development 257

Play：The Business of Early Childhood 264

Cognitive Levels of Play 264

The Social Dimension of Play 266

How Gender Influences Play 267

How Culture Influences Play 268

Parenting 269

Forms of Discipline 269

Parenting Styles 271

Special Behavioral Concerns 273

Relationships with Other Children 276

Sibling Relationships 276

The Only Child 277

Playmates and Friends 278

summary and key terms 279

Box 8.1 Research in Action Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis？ 265

part 4 Middle Childhood 282

chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood 282

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 284

Aspects of Physical Development 284

Height and Weight 284

Nutrition and Sleep 284

Brain Development 285

Motor Development and Physical Play 286

Health,Fitness,and Safety 288

Obesity and Body Image 288

Other Medical Conditions 290

Accidental Injuries 291

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 292

Piagetian Approach：The Concrete Operational Child 292

Cognitive Advances 292

Influences of Neurological Development,Culture,and Schooling 295

Moral Reasoning 296

Information-Processing Approach：Planning,Attention,and Memory 297

How Do Executive Skills Develop？ 297

Selective Attention 297

Working Memory 297

Metamemory：Understanding Memory 298

Mnemonics：Strategies for Remembering 298

Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks 300

Psychometric Approach：Assessment of Intelligence 300

The IQ Controversy 300

Influences on Intelligence(IQ) 301

Is There More Than One Intelligence？ 304

Other Directions in Intelligence Testing 306

Language and Literacy 306

Vocabulary,Grammar,and Syntax 306

Pragmatics：Knowledge about Communication 307

Second-Language Learning 308

Becoming Literate 308

The Child In School 309

Entering First Grade 309

Influences on School Achievement 310

Educating Children with Special Needs 313

Children with Learning Problems 313

Gifted Children 317

summary and key terms 318

Box 9.1 Research in Action Do Barbie Doils Affect Girls'Body Image？ 289

chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood 322

The Developing Self 324

Self-Concept Development：Representational Systems 324

Self-Esteem 324

Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior 325

The Child in the Family 326

Family Atmosphere 326

Family Structure 330

Sibling Relationships 335

The Child in the Peer Group 336

Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations 336

Popularity 337

Friendship 338

Aggression and Bullying 339

Mental Health 343

Common Emotional Problems 343

Treatment Techniques 345

Stress and Resilience 346

summary and key terms 350

Box 10.1 Research in Action Pass the Milk：Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being 327

Box 10.2 Research in Action Talking to Children about Terrorism and War 348

part 5 Adolescence 352

chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 352

Adolescence：A Developmental Transition 354

Adolescence as a Social Construction 354

Adolescence：A Time of Opportunities and Risks 355

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 355

Puberty 355

How Puberty Begins：Hormonal Changes 355

Timing,Signs,and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity 357

The Adolescent Brain 360

Physical and Mental Health 362

Physical Activity 362

Sleep Needs and Problems 363

Nutrition and Eating Disorders 363

Use and Abuse of Drugs 367

Depression 370

Death in Adolescence 371

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 372

Aspects of Cognitive Maturation 372

Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations 372

Changes in Information Processing 374

Language Development 375

Moral Reasoning：Kohlberg's Theory 375

An Ethic of Care：Gilligan's Theory 378

Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity 378

Educational and Vocational Issues 379

Influences on School Achievement 380

Dropping Out of High School 383

Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations 384

summary and key terms 386

Box 11.1 Window on the World The Globalization of Adolescence 356

Box 11.2 Research in Action Multitasking and Gen M 383

chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence 388

The Search for Identity 390

Erikson：Identity versus Identity Confusion 390

Marcia：Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment 391

Gender Differences in Identity Formation 393

Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation 394

Sexuality 395

Sexual Orientation and Identity 396

Sexual Behavior 397

Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs) 399

Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing 401

Relationships with Family,Peers,and Adult Society 403

Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth？ 403

Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships 404

Adolescents and Parents 405

Adolescents and Siblings 408

Adolescents and Peers 409

Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 412

Becoming a Delinquent：Genetic and Neurological Factors 412

Becoming a Delinquent：How Family,Peer,and Community Influences Interact 412

Long-Term Prospects 414

Preventing and Treating Delinquency 415

summary and key terms 417

Box 12.1 Research in Action Consequences of the Social Network 411

Box 12.2 Research in Action The Youth Violence Epidemic 414

part 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood 418

chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 418

Emerging Adulthood 420

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 421

Health and Fitness 421

Health Status and Health Issues 421

Genetic Influences on Health 422

Behavioral Influences on Health and Fitness 422

Indirect Influences on Health 426

Mental Health Problems 429

Sexual and Reproductive Issues 430

Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 431

Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs) 431

Menstrual Disorders 432

Infertility 433

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 434

Perspectives on Adult Cognition 434

Beyond Piaget：New Ways of Thinking in Adulthood 434

Schaie：A Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development 436

Sternberg：Insight and Know-How 437

Emotional Intelligence 438

Moral Reasoning 439

Culture and Moral Reasoning 439

Gender and Moral Reasoning 441

Education and Work 442

The College Transition 443

Entering the World of Work 445

summary and key terms 448

Box 13.1 Research in Action Assisted Reproductive Technology 434

Box 13.2 Research in Action Development of Faith across the Life Span 440

chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 450

Emerging Adulthood：Patterns and Tasks 452

Varied Paths to Adulthood 452

Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood 453

Developing Adult Relationships with Parents 455

Personality Development：Four Views 456

Normative-Stage Models 457

Timing-of-Events Model 458

Trait Models：Costa and McCrae's Five Factors 459

Typological Models 461

Foundations of Intimate Relationships 462

Friendship 462

Love 463

Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles 464

Single Life 464

Gay and Lesbian Relationships 465

Cohabitation 466

Marriage 467

Parenthood 470

Parenthood as a Developmental Experience 470

How Dual-Income Families Cope 472

When Marriage Ends 473

Divorce 473

Remarriage and Stepparenthood 475

summary and key terms 476

Box 14.1 Research in Action The Millennials 453

Box 14.2 Research in Action Intimate Fartner Violence 474

part 7 Middle Adulthood 478

chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood 478

Middle Age：A Social Construct 480

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 482

Physical Changes 482

Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 482

The Brain at Midlife 483

Structural and Systemic Changes 484

Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning 485

Physical and Mental Health 488

Health Trends at Midlife 488

Behavioral Influences on Health 490

Socioeconomic Status and Health 490

Race/Ethnicity and Health 491

Gender and Health 492

Stress in Middle Age 495

Emotions and Health 496

Mental Health 497

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 499

Measuring Cognitive Abilities in Middle Age 499

Schaie：The Seattle Longitudinal Study 499

Horn and Cattell：Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 501

The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition 501

The Role of Expertise 501

Integrative Thought 502

Creativity 503

Characteristics of Creative Achievers 503

Creativity and Age 503

Work and Education 504

Work versus Early Retirement 504

Work and Cognitive Development 505

The Mature Learner 505

summary and key terms 506

Box 15.1Windowon the World Cultu ral Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause 488

chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood 508

Looking at the Life Course in Middle Age 510

Change at Midlife：Theoretical Approaches 511

Trait Models 512

Normative-Stage Models 512

Timing of Events：The Social Clock 515

The Self at Midlife：Issues and Themes 515

Is There a Midlife Crisis？ 515

Identity Development 516

Psychological Well-Being and Positive Mental Health 519

Relationships at Midlife 522

Theories of Social Contact 522

Relationships,Gender and Quality of Life 523

Consensual Relationships 523

Marriage 523

Cohabitation 524

Divorce 524

Marital Status,Well-Being,and Health 525

Gay and Lesbian Relationships 526

Friendships 527

Relationships with Maturing Children 527

Adolescent Children：Issues for Parents 528

When Children Leave：The Empty Nest 528

Parenting Grown Children 529

Prolonged Parenting：The"Cluttered Nest" 529

Other Kinship Ties 530

Relationships with Aging Parents 530

Relationships with Siblings 532

Grandparenthood 532

summary and key terms 535

Box 16.1 Window on the World A Society without Middle Age 511

part 8 Late Adulthood 538

chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood 538

Old Age Today 540

The Graying of the Population 540

Young Old to Oldest Old 541

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 542

Longevity and Aging 542

Trends and Factors in Life Expectancy 542

Why People Age 544

How Far Can the Life Span Be Extended？ 547

Physical Changes 549

Organic and Systemic Changes 549

The Aging Brain 550

Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 551

Sleep 552

Sexual Functioning 553

Physical and Mental Health 554

Health Status 554

Chronic Conditions and Disabilities 554

Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity 555

Mental and Behavioral Problems 557

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 562

Aspects of Cognitive Development 562

Intelligence and Processing Abilities 562

Memory：How Does It Change？ 565

Wisdom 568

summary and key terms 569

Box 17.1 Research in Action Centenarians 547

chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood 572

Theory and Research on Personality Development 574

Erik Erikson：Normative Issues and Tasks 575

The Five-Factor Model：Personality Traits in Old Age 575

Well-Being in Late Adulthood 577

Coping and Mental Health 577

Models of"Successful"or"Optimal",Aging 579

Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging 582

Work and Retirement 583

How Do Older Adults Fare Financially？ 585

Living Arrangements 586

Personal Relationships in Late Life 590

Theories of Social Contact and Social Support 590

The Importance of Social Relationships 591

The Multigenerational Family 591

Marital Relationships 592

Long-Term Marriage 592

Widowhood 594

Divorce and Remarriage 594

Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships 595

Single Life 595

Cohabitation 595

Gay and Lesbian Relationships 596

Friendships 596

Nonmarital Kinship Ties 597

Relationships with Adult Children 597

Relationships with Siblings 599

Becoming Great-Grandparents 599

summary and key terms 600

Box 18.1 Window on the World Aging in Asia 583

Box 18.2 Research in Action Mistreatment of the Elderly 598

part 9 The End of Life 602

chapter 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement 602

The Many,Changing Meanings of Death and Dying 604

The Cultural Context 604

The Mortality Revolution 605

Care of the Dying 605

Facing Death and Loss 606

Physical and Cognitive Changes Preceding Death 606

Confronting One's Own Death 607

Patterns of Grieving 607

Attitudes about Death and Dyingacross the Life Span 610

Significant Losses 612

Surviving a Spouse 612

Losing a Parent in Adulthood 613

Losing a Child 615

Mourning a Miscarriage 615

Medical,Legal,and Ethical Issues：The"Right to Die" 616

Suicide 616

Hastening Death 618

Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death 623

Reviewing a Life 623

Development：A Lifelong Process 624

summary and key terms 624

Box 19.1 Research in Action Ambiguous Loss 609

Glossary 627

Bibliography 639

Credits 729

Name Index 733

Subject Index 755