part 1 About Human Development 2
chapter 1 The Study of Human Development 2
Human Development：An Ever-Evolving Field 4
Studying the Life Span 5
Human Development Today 5
The Study of Human Development：Basic Concepts 5
Domains of Development 6
Periods of the Life Span 7
Influences on Development 10
Heredity,Environment,and Maturation 10
Contexts of Development 10
Normative and Nonnormative Influences 15
Timing of Influences：Critical or Sensitive Periods 16
Paul B.Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach 18
summary and key terms 20
Box 1.1 Window on the World Child ren of Immigrant Families 14
Box 1.2 Research in Action Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition？ 18
chapter 2 Theory and Research 22
Basic Theoretical Issues 24
Issue 1：Is Development Active or Reactive？ 25
Issue 2：Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous？ 26
Theoretical Perspectives 26
Perspective 1：Psychoanalytic 27
Perspective 2：Learning 30
Perspective 3：Cognitive 32
Perspective 4：Contextual 35
Perspective 5：Evolutionary/Sociobiological 37
A Shifting Balance 37
Research Methods 38
Quantitative and Qualitative Research 38
Sampling 39
Forms of Data Collection 40
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 42
Basic Research Designs 42
Developmental Research Designs 47
Ethics of Research 49
summary and key terms 50
Box2.1 Window on the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research 44
part 2 Beginnings 52
chapter 3 Forming a New Life 52
Conceiving New Life 54
How Fertilization Takes Place 54
What Causes Multiple Births？ 55
Mechanisms of Heredity 56
The Genetic Code 56
What Determines Sex？ 57
Patterns of Genetic Transmission 58
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities 61
Genetic Counseling and Testing 65
Nature and Nurture：Influences of Heredity and Environment 67
Studying Heredity and Environment 68
How Heredity and Environment Work Together 69
Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment 72
Prenatal Development 74
Stages of Prenatal Development 75
Environmental Influences：Maternal Factors 81
Environmental Influences：Paternal Factors 88
Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development 88
Disparities in Prenatal Care 90
The Need for Preconception Care 90
summary and key terms 91
Box 3.1 Research in Action Genetic Testing 66
chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years 94
Childbirth and Culture：How Birthing Has Changed 96
The Birth Process 98
Stages of Childbirth 98
Electronic Fetal Monitoring 98
Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery 99
Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery 100
The Newborn Baby 101
Size and Appearance 102
Body Systems 102
Medical and Behavioral Assessment 103
States of Arousal 104
Complications of Childbirth 105
Low Birth Weight 105
Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications？ 109
Postmaturity 110
Stillbirth 110
Survival and Health 111
Reducing Infant Mortality 111
Immunization for Better Health 114
Early Physical Development 115
Principles of Development 115
Growth Patterns 116
Nutrition 116
The Brain and Reflex Behavior 118
Early Sensory Capacities 126
Motor Development 127
Milestones of Motor Development 127
Motor Development and Perception 130
Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory of Perception 130
How Motor Development Occurs：Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory 131
Cultural Influences on Motor Development 132
summary and key terms 132
Box 4.1 Research in Action Lessons from Neuroscience 119
Box 4.2 Research in Action The Autism"Epidemic" 122
chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years 136
Studying Cognitive Development：Six Approaches 138
Behaviorist Approach：Basic Mechanics of Learning 139
Classical and Operant Conditioning 139
Infant Memory 139
Psychometric Approach：Developmental and Intelligence Testing 141
Testing Infants and Toddlers 141
Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment 142
Early Intervention 142
Piagetian Approach：The Sensorimotor Stage 144
Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage 144
Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought？ 147
Development of Knowledge about Objects and Symbols 149
Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage 151
Information-Processing Approach：Perceptions and Representations 151
Habituation 151
Visual and Auditory Perceptual and Processing Abilities 152
Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence 153
Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities 155
Evaluating Information Processing Research on Infants 158
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach：The Brain's Cognitive Structures 159
Social-Contextual Approach：Learning from Interactions with Caregivers 160
Language Development 161
Sequence of Early Language Development 161
Characteristics of Early Speech 165
Classic Theories of Language Acquisition：The Nature-Nurture Debate 166
Influences on Early Language Development 168
Preparing for Literacy：The Benefits of Reading Aloud 170
summary and key terms 171
Box 5.1 Research in Action Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television？ 154
chapter 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years 174
Foundations of Psychosocial Development 176
Emotions 176
Temperament 181
Earliest Social Experiences：The Infant in the Family 184
Gender：How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls？ 186
Developmental Issues in Infancy 187
Developing Trust 187
Developing Attachments 188
Emotional Communication with Caregivers：Mutual Regulation 193
Social Referencing 193
Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood 195
The Emerging Sense of Self 195
Development of Autonomy 196
The Roots of Moral Development：Socialization and Internalization 196
Contact with Other Children 200
Siblings 200
Sociability with Nonsiblings 201
Children of Working Parents 201
Effects of Maternal Employment 201
Early Child Care 202
Maltreatment：Abuse and Neglect 205
Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood 205
Contributing Factors：An Ecological View 206
Helping Families in Trouble 207
Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment 208
summary and key terms 209
Box6.1 Research inAction How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development 194
Box 6.2 Window on the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary？ 198
part 3 Early Childhood 212
chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 212
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 214
Aspects of Physical Development 214
Bodily Growth and Change 214
Sleep Patterns and Problems 215
Brain Development 217
Motor Skills 217
Health and Safety 220
Preventing Obesity 220
Undernutrition 221
Food Allergies 222
Deaths and Accidental Injuries 223
Health in Context：Environmental Influences 223
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 227
Piagetian Approach：The Preoperational Child 227
Advances of Preoperational Thought 228
Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought 230
Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind？ 232
Information-Processing Approach：Memory Development 235
Basic Processes and Capacities 235
Recognition and Recall 236
Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories 236
Intelligence：Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches 238
Traditional Psychometric Measures 238
Influences on Measured Intelligence 239
Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory 239
Language Development 240
Vocabulary 240
Grammar and Syntax 241
Pragmatics and Social Speech 242
Private Speech 242
Delayed Language Development 242
Preparation for Literacy 243
Media and Cognition 244
Early Childhood Education 244
Types of Preschools 244
Compensatory Preschool Programs 245
The Child in Kindergarten 246
summary and key terms 247
Box 7.1 Research in Action Food Security 222
Box 7.2 Window on the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life 224
chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 250
The Developing Self 252
The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development 252
Self-Esteem 253
Understanding and Regulating Emotions 254
Erikson：Initiative versus Guilt 256
Gender 256
Gender Differences 256
Perspectives on Gender Development 257
Play：The Business of Early Childhood 264
Cognitive Levels of Play 264
The Social Dimension of Play 266
How Gender Influences Play 267
How Culture Influences Play 268
Parenting 269
Forms of Discipline 269
Parenting Styles 271
Special Behavioral Concerns 273
Relationships with Other Children 276
Sibling Relationships 276
The Only Child 277
Playmates and Friends 278
summary and key terms 279
Box 8.1 Research in Action Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis？ 265
part 4 Middle Childhood 282
chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood 282
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 284
Aspects of Physical Development 284
Height and Weight 284
Nutrition and Sleep 284
Brain Development 285
Motor Development and Physical Play 286
Health,Fitness,and Safety 288
Obesity and Body Image 288
Other Medical Conditions 290
Accidental Injuries 291
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 292
Piagetian Approach：The Concrete Operational Child 292
Cognitive Advances 292
Influences of Neurological Development,Culture,and Schooling 295
Moral Reasoning 296
Information-Processing Approach：Planning,Attention,and Memory 297
How Do Executive Skills Develop？ 297
Selective Attention 297
Working Memory 297
Metamemory：Understanding Memory 298
Mnemonics：Strategies for Remembering 298
Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks 300
Psychometric Approach：Assessment of Intelligence 300
The IQ Controversy 300
Influences on Intelligence(IQ) 301
Is There More Than One Intelligence？ 304
Other Directions in Intelligence Testing 306
Language and Literacy 306
Vocabulary,Grammar,and Syntax 306
Pragmatics：Knowledge about Communication 307
Second-Language Learning 308
Becoming Literate 308
The Child In School 309
Entering First Grade 309
Influences on School Achievement 310
Educating Children with Special Needs 313
Children with Learning Problems 313
Gifted Children 317
summary and key terms 318
Box 9.1 Research in Action Do Barbie Doils Affect Girls'Body Image？ 289
chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood 322
The Developing Self 324
Self-Concept Development：Representational Systems 324
Self-Esteem 324
Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior 325
The Child in the Family 326
Family Atmosphere 326
Family Structure 330
Sibling Relationships 335
The Child in the Peer Group 336
Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations 336
Popularity 337
Friendship 338
Aggression and Bullying 339
Mental Health 343
Common Emotional Problems 343
Treatment Techniques 345
Stress and Resilience 346
summary and key terms 350
Box 10.1 Research in Action Pass the Milk：Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being 327
Box 10.2 Research in Action Talking to Children about Terrorism and War 348
part 5 Adolescence 352
chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 352
Adolescence：A Developmental Transition 354
Adolescence as a Social Construction 354
Adolescence：A Time of Opportunities and Risks 355
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 355
Puberty 355
How Puberty Begins：Hormonal Changes 355
Timing,Signs,and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity 357
The Adolescent Brain 360
Physical and Mental Health 362
Physical Activity 362
Sleep Needs and Problems 363
Nutrition and Eating Disorders 363
Use and Abuse of Drugs 367
Depression 370
Death in Adolescence 371
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 372
Aspects of Cognitive Maturation 372
Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations 372
Changes in Information Processing 374
Language Development 375
Moral Reasoning：Kohlberg's Theory 375
An Ethic of Care：Gilligan's Theory 378
Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity 378
Educational and Vocational Issues 379
Influences on School Achievement 380
Dropping Out of High School 383
Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations 384
summary and key terms 386
Box 11.1 Window on the World The Globalization of Adolescence 356
Box 11.2 Research in Action Multitasking and Gen M 383
chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence 388
The Search for Identity 390
Erikson：Identity versus Identity Confusion 390
Marcia：Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment 391
Gender Differences in Identity Formation 393
Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation 394
Sexuality 395
Sexual Orientation and Identity 396
Sexual Behavior 397
Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs) 399
Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing 401
Relationships with Family,Peers,and Adult Society 403
Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth？ 403
Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships 404
Adolescents and Parents 405
Adolescents and Siblings 408
Adolescents and Peers 409
Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 412
Becoming a Delinquent：Genetic and Neurological Factors 412
Becoming a Delinquent：How Family,Peer,and Community Influences Interact 412
Long-Term Prospects 414
Preventing and Treating Delinquency 415
summary and key terms 417
Box 12.1 Research in Action Consequences of the Social Network 411
Box 12.2 Research in Action The Youth Violence Epidemic 414
part 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood 418
chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 418
Emerging Adulthood 420
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 421
Health and Fitness 421
Health Status and Health Issues 421
Genetic Influences on Health 422
Behavioral Influences on Health and Fitness 422
Indirect Influences on Health 426
Mental Health Problems 429
Sexual and Reproductive Issues 430
Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 431
Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs) 431
Menstrual Disorders 432
Infertility 433
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 434
Perspectives on Adult Cognition 434
Beyond Piaget：New Ways of Thinking in Adulthood 434
Schaie：A Life-Span Model of Cognitive Development 436
Sternberg：Insight and Know-How 437
Emotional Intelligence 438
Moral Reasoning 439
Culture and Moral Reasoning 439
Gender and Moral Reasoning 441
Education and Work 442
The College Transition 443
Entering the World of Work 445
summary and key terms 448
Box 13.1 Research in Action Assisted Reproductive Technology 434
Box 13.2 Research in Action Development of Faith across the Life Span 440
chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 450
Emerging Adulthood：Patterns and Tasks 452
Varied Paths to Adulthood 452
Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood 453
Developing Adult Relationships with Parents 455
Personality Development：Four Views 456
Normative-Stage Models 457
Timing-of-Events Model 458
Trait Models：Costa and McCrae's Five Factors 459
Typological Models 461
Foundations of Intimate Relationships 462
Friendship 462
Love 463
Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles 464
Single Life 464
Gay and Lesbian Relationships 465
Cohabitation 466
Marriage 467
Parenthood 470
Parenthood as a Developmental Experience 470
How Dual-Income Families Cope 472
When Marriage Ends 473
Divorce 473
Remarriage and Stepparenthood 475
summary and key terms 476
Box 14.1 Research in Action The Millennials 453
Box 14.2 Research in Action Intimate Fartner Violence 474
part 7 Middle Adulthood 478
chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood 478
Middle Age：A Social Construct 480
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 482
Physical Changes 482
Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 482
The Brain at Midlife 483
Structural and Systemic Changes 484
Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning 485
Physical and Mental Health 488
Health Trends at Midlife 488
Behavioral Influences on Health 490
Socioeconomic Status and Health 490
Race/Ethnicity and Health 491
Gender and Health 492
Stress in Middle Age 495
Emotions and Health 496
Mental Health 497
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 499
Measuring Cognitive Abilities in Middle Age 499
Schaie：The Seattle Longitudinal Study 499
Horn and Cattell：Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 501
The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition 501
The Role of Expertise 501
Integrative Thought 502
Creativity 503
Characteristics of Creative Achievers 503
Creativity and Age 503
Work and Education 504
Work versus Early Retirement 504
Work and Cognitive Development 505
The Mature Learner 505
summary and key terms 506
Box 15.1Windowon the World Cultu ral Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause 488
chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood 508
Looking at the Life Course in Middle Age 510
Change at Midlife：Theoretical Approaches 511
Trait Models 512
Normative-Stage Models 512
Timing of Events：The Social Clock 515
The Self at Midlife：Issues and Themes 515
Is There a Midlife Crisis？ 515
Identity Development 516
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Mental Health 519
Relationships at Midlife 522
Theories of Social Contact 522
Relationships,Gender and Quality of Life 523
Consensual Relationships 523
Marriage 523
Cohabitation 524
Divorce 524
Marital Status,Well-Being,and Health 525
Gay and Lesbian Relationships 526
Friendships 527
Relationships with Maturing Children 527
Adolescent Children：Issues for Parents 528
When Children Leave：The Empty Nest 528
Parenting Grown Children 529
Prolonged Parenting：The"Cluttered Nest" 529
Other Kinship Ties 530
Relationships with Aging Parents 530
Relationships with Siblings 532
Grandparenthood 532
summary and key terms 535
Box 16.1 Window on the World A Society without Middle Age 511
part 8 Late Adulthood 538
chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood 538
Old Age Today 540
The Graying of the Population 540
Young Old to Oldest Old 541
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 542
Longevity and Aging 542
Trends and Factors in Life Expectancy 542
Why People Age 544
How Far Can the Life Span Be Extended？ 547
Physical Changes 549
Organic and Systemic Changes 549
The Aging Brain 550
Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 551
Sleep 552
Sexual Functioning 553
Physical and Mental Health 554
Health Status 554
Chronic Conditions and Disabilities 554
Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity 555
Mental and Behavioral Problems 557
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 562
Aspects of Cognitive Development 562
Intelligence and Processing Abilities 562
Memory：How Does It Change？ 565
Wisdom 568
summary and key terms 569
Box 17.1 Research in Action Centenarians 547
chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood 572
Theory and Research on Personality Development 574
Erik Erikson：Normative Issues and Tasks 575
The Five-Factor Model：Personality Traits in Old Age 575
Well-Being in Late Adulthood 577
Coping and Mental Health 577
Models of"Successful"or"Optimal",Aging 579
Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging 582
Work and Retirement 583
How Do Older Adults Fare Financially？ 585
Living Arrangements 586
Personal Relationships in Late Life 590
Theories of Social Contact and Social Support 590
The Importance of Social Relationships 591
The Multigenerational Family 591
Marital Relationships 592
Long-Term Marriage 592
Widowhood 594
Divorce and Remarriage 594
Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships 595
Single Life 595
Cohabitation 595
Gay and Lesbian Relationships 596
Friendships 596
Nonmarital Kinship Ties 597
Relationships with Adult Children 597
Relationships with Siblings 599
Becoming Great-Grandparents 599
summary and key terms 600
Box 18.1 Window on the World Aging in Asia 583
Box 18.2 Research in Action Mistreatment of the Elderly 598
part 9 The End of Life 602
chapter 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement 602
The Many,Changing Meanings of Death and Dying 604
The Cultural Context 604
The Mortality Revolution 605
Care of the Dying 605
Facing Death and Loss 606
Physical and Cognitive Changes Preceding Death 606
Confronting One's Own Death 607
Patterns of Grieving 607
Attitudes about Death and Dyingacross the Life Span 610
Significant Losses 612
Surviving a Spouse 612
Losing a Parent in Adulthood 613
Losing a Child 615
Mourning a Miscarriage 615
Medical,Legal,and Ethical Issues：The"Right to Die" 616
Suicide 616
Hastening Death 618
Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death 623
Reviewing a Life 623
Development：A Lifelong Process 624
summary and key terms 624
Box 19.1 Research in Action Ambiguous Loss 609
Glossary 627
Bibliography 639
Credits 729
Name Index 733
Subject Index 755