汇编语言艺术 影印版PDF电子书下载

1 HELLO,WORLD OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 1

1.1 Chapter Overview 1

1.2 The Anatomy of an HLA Program 2

1.3 Running Your First HLA Program 4

1.4 Some Basic HLA Data Declarations 5

1.5 Boolean Values 7

1.6 Character Values 8

1.7 An Introduction to the Intel 80x86 CPU Family 8

1.7.1 The Memory Subsystem 11

1.8 Some Basic Machine Instructions 14

1.9 Some Basic HLA Control Structures 18

1.9.1 Boolean Expressions in HLA Statements 18

1.9.2 The HLA IF..THEN..ELSEIF..ELSE..ENDIF Statement 20

1.9.3 Conjunction,Disjunction,and Negation in Boolean Expressions 22

1.9.4 The WHILE..ENDWHILE Statement 25

1.9.5 The FOR..ENDFOR Statement 25

1.9.6 The REPEAT..UNTILStatement 26

1.9.7 The BREAK and BREAKIF Statements 27

1.9.8 The FOREVER..ENDFOR Statement 28

1.9.9 The TRY..EXCEPT1ON..ENDTRYStatement 28

1.10 Introduction to the HLA Standard Library 32

1.10.1 Predefined Constants in the STDIO Module 33

1.10.2 Standard In and Standard Out 34

1.10.3 The stdout.newln Routine 34

1.10.4 The stdout.putiX Routines 34

1.10.5 The stdout.putiXSize Routines 35

1.10.6 The stdout.put Routine 36

1.10.7 The stdin.getc Routine 38

1.10.8 The stdin.getiX Routines 39

1.10.9 The stdin.readLn and stdin.flushlnput Routines 40

1.10.10 The stdin.get Routine 41

1.11 Additional Details About TRY..ENDTRY 42

1.11.1 Nesting TRY..ENDTRY Statements 43

1.11.2 The UNPROTECTED Clause in a TRY..ENDTRY Statement 45

1.11.3 The ANYEXCEPTION Clause in a TRY..ENDTRY Statement 48

1.11.4 Registers and the TRY..ENDTRY Statement 48

1.12 High Level Assembly Language vs.Low Level Assembly 50

1.13 For More Information 51

2 DATA REPRESENTATION 53

2.1 Chapter Overview 53

2.2 Numbering Systems 54

2.2.1 A Review of the Decimal System 54

2.2.2 The Binary Numbering System 54

2.2.3 Binary Formats 56

2.3 The Hexadecimal Numbering System 57

2.4 Data Organization 59

2.4.1 Bits 59

2.4.2 Nibbles 60

2.4.3 Bytes 61

2.4.4 Words 62

2.4.5 Double Words 63

2.4.6 Quad Words and Long Words 64

2.5 Arithmetic Operations on Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers 65

2.6 A Note About Numbers vs.Representation 66

2.7 Logical Operations on Bits 69

2.8 Logical Operations on Binary Numbers and Bit Strings 71

2.9 Signed and Unsigned Numbers 73

2.10 Sign Extension,Zero Extension,Contraction,and Saturation 78

2.11 Shifts and Rotates 82

2.12 Bit Fields and Packed Data 87

2.13 An Introduction to Floating Point Arithmetic 92

2.13.1 IEEE Floating Point Formats 95

2.13.2 HLA Support for Floating Point Values 99

2.14 Binary Coded Decimal(BCD)Representation 102

2.15 Characters 104

2.15.1 The ASCII Character Encoding 104

2.15.2 HLA Support for ASCII Characters 108

2.16 The Unicode Character Set 112

2.17 For More Information 113

3 MEMORY ACCESS AND ORGANIZATION 115

3.1 Chapter Overview 115

3.2 The 80x86 Addressing Modes 115

3.2.1 80x86 Register Addressing Modes 116

3.2.2 80x86 32-Bit Memory Addressing Modes 117

3.3 Run-Time Memory Organization 124

3.3.1 The Code Section 125

3.3.2 The Static Sections 127

3.3.3 The Read-Only Data Section 128

3.3.4 The Storage Section 129

3.3.5 The @NOSTORAGE Attribute 129

3.3.6 The Var Section 130

3.3.7 Organization of Declaration Sections Within Your Programs 131

3.4 How HLA Allocates Memory for Variables 132

3.5 HLA Support for Data Alignment 133

3.6 Address Expressions 136

3.7 Type Coercion 139

3.8 Register Type Coercion 141

3.9 The Stack Segment and the PUSH and POP Instructions 142

3.9.1 The Basic PUSH Instruction 142

3.9.2 The Basic POP Instruction 144

3.9.3 Preserving Registers with the PUSH and POP Instructions 146

3.9.4 The Stack Is a LIFO Data Structure 146

3.9.5 Other PUSH and POP Instructions 149

3.9.6 Removing Data from the Stack Without Popping It 150

3.9.7 Accessing Data You've Pushed on the Stack Without Popping It 153

3.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation and the Heap Segment 154

3.11 The INC and DEC Instructions 159

3.12 Obtaining the Address of a Memory Object 159

3.13 For More Information 160

4 CONSTANTS,VARIABLES,AND DATA TYPES 160

4.1 Chapter Overview 161

4.2 Some Additional Instructions:INTMUL,BOUND,INTO 162

4.3 The TBYTE Data Types 166

4.4 HLA Constant and Value Declarations 167

4.4.1 Constant Types 170

4.4.2 String and Character Literal Constants 171

4.4.3 String and Text Constants in the CONST Section 174

4.4.4 Constant Expressions 175

4.4.5 Multiple CONST Sections and Their Order in an HLA Program 178

4.4.6 The HLA VAL Section 178

4.4.7 Modifying VAL Objects at Arbitrary Points in Your Programs 179

4.5 The HLA TYPE Section 180

4.6 ENUM and HLA Enumerated Data Types 181

4.7 Pointer Data Types 182

4.7.1 Using Pointers in Assembly Language 184

4.7.2 Declaring Pointers in HLA 185

4.7.3 Pointer Constants and Pointer Constant Expressions 185

4.7.4 Pointer Variables and Dynamic Memory Allocation 187

4.7.5 Common Pointer Problems 188

4.8 The HLA Standard Library CHARS.HHF Module 192

4.9 Composite Data Types 195

4.10 Character Strings 195

4.11 HLA Strings 198

4.12 Accessing the Characters Within a String 204

4.13 The HLA String Module and Other String-Related Routines 206

4.14 In-Memory Conversions 219

4.15 Character Sets 220

4.16 Character Set Implementation in HLA 221

4.17 HLA Character Set Constants and Character Set Expressions 223

4.18 The IN Operator in HLA HLL Boolean Expressions 224

4.19 Character Set Support in the HLA Standard Library 225

4.20 Using Character Sets in Your HLA Programs 229

4.21 Arrays 230

4.22 Declaring Arrays in Your HLA Programs 231

4.23 HLA Array Constants 232

4.24 Accessing Elements of a Single Dimension Array 233

4.24.1 Sorting an Array of Values 235

4.25 Multidimensional Arrays 237

4.25.1 Row Major Ordering 238

4.25.2 Column Major Ordering 242

4.26 Allocating Storage for Multidimensional Arrays 243

4.27 Accessing Multidimensional Array Elements in Assembly Language 245

4.28 Large Arrays and MASM(Windows Programmers Only) 246

4.29 Records 247

4.30 Record Constants 249

4.31 Arrays of Records 250

4.32 Arrays/Records as Record Fields 251

4.33 Controlling Field Offsets Within a Record 255

4.34 Aligning Fields Within a Record 256

4.35 Pointers to Records 257

4.36 Unions 259

4.37 Anonymous Unions 262

4.38 Variant Types 262

4.39 Union Constants 263

4.40 Namespaces 264

4.41 Dynamic Arrays in Assembly Language 268

4.42 HLA Standard Library Array Support 270

4.43 For More Information 273

5 PROCEDURES AND UNITS 275

5.1 Chapter Overview 275

5.2 Procedures 276

5.3 Saving the State of the Machine 278

5.4 Prematurely Returning from a Procedure 282

5.5 Local Variables 283

5.6 Other Local and Global Symbol Types 289

5.7 Parameters 289

5.7.1 Pass by Value 290

5.7.2 Pass by Reference 293

5.8 Functions and Function Results 296

5.8.1 Returning Function Results 297

5.8.2 Instruction Composition in HLA 298

5.8.3 The HLA @RETURNS Option in Procedures 301

5.9 Recursion 303

5.10 Forward Procedures 307

5.11 Low Level Procedures and the CALL Instruction 308

5.12 Procedures and the Stack 311

5.13 Activation Records 314

5.14 The Standard Entry Sequence 317

5.15 The Standard Exit Sequence 318

5.16 Low Level Implementation of Automatic(Local)Variables 320

5.17 Low Level Parameter Implementation 322

5.17.1 Passing Parameters in Registers 322

5.17.2 Passing Parameters in the Code Stream 325

5.17.3 Passing Parameters on the Stack 328

5.18 Procedure Pointers 350

5.19 Procedure Parameters 354

5.20 Untyped Reference Parameters 355

5.21 Managing Large Programs 356

5.22 The #INCLUDE Directive 357

5.23 Ignoring Duplicate #INCLUDE Operations 358

5.24 UNITs and the EXTERNAL Directive 359

5.24.1 Behavior of the EXTERNAL Directive 364

5.24.2 Header Files in HLA 365

5.25 Namespace Pollution 366

5.26 For More Information 369

6 ARITHMETIC 371

6.1 Chapter Overview 371

6.2 80x86 Integer Arithmetic Instructions 371

6.2.1 The MUL and IMUL Instructions 371

6.2.2 The DIV and IDIV Instructions 375

6.2.3 The CMP Instruction 378

6.2.4 The SETcc Instructions 382

6.2.5 The TEST Instruction 384

6.3 Arithmetic Expressions 385

6.3.1 Simple Assignments 386

6.3.2 Simple Expressions 387

6.3.3 Complex Expressions 389

6.3.4 Commutative Operators 395

6.4 Logical(Boolean)Expressions 396

6.5 Machine and Arithmetic Idioms 398

6.5.1 Multiplying Without MUL,IMUL,or INTMUL 398

6.5.2 Division Without DIV or IDIV 400

6.5.3 Implementing Modulo-N Counters with AND 400

6.5.4 Careless Use of Machine Idioms 401

6.6 Floating Point Arithmetic 401

6.6.1 FPU Registers 402

6.6.2 FPU Data Types 408

6.6.3 The FPU Instruction Set 410

6.6.4 FPU Data Movement Instructions 410

6.6.5 Conversions 412

6.6.6 Arithmetic Instructions 414

6.6.7 Comparison Instructions 420

6.6.8 Constant Instructions 422

6.6.9 Transcendental Instructions 422

6.6.10 Miscellaneous Instructions 424

6.6.11 Integer Operations 426

6.7 Converting Floating Point Expressions to Assembly Language 426

6.7.1 Converting Arithmetic Expressions to Postfix Notation 428

6.7.2 Converting Postfix Notation to Assembly Language 430

6.8 HLA Standard Library Support for Floating Point Arithmetic 431

6.8.1 The stdin.getf and fileio.getf Functions 431

6.8.2 Trigonometric Functions in the HLA Math Library 432

6.8.3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions in the HLA Math Library 433

6.9 Putting It All Together 434

7 LOW LEVEL CONTROL STRUCTURES 434

7.1 Chapter Overview 435

7.2 Low Level Control Structures 435

7.3 Statement Labels 436

7.4 Unconditional Transfer of Control(JMP) 438

7.5 The Conditional Jump Instructions 441

7.6 "Medium Level" Control Structures:JT and JF 444

7.7 Implementing Common Control Structures in Assembly Language 445

7.8 Introduction to Decisions 445

7.8.1 IF..THEN..ELSE Sequences 447

7.8.2 Translating HLA IF Statements into Pure Assembly Language 451

7.8.3 Implementing Complex IF Statements Using Complete Boolean Evaluation 456

7.8.4 Short-Circuit Boolean Evaluation 457

7.8.5 Short-Circuit vs.Complete Boolean Evaluation 459

7.8.6 Efficient Implementation of IF Statements in Assembly Language 461

7.8.7 SWITCH/CASE Statements 466

7.9 State Machines and Indirect Jumps 477

7.10 Spaghetti Code 480

7.11 Loops 481

7.11.1 WHILE Loops 482

7.11.2 REPEAT..UNTILLoops 483

7.11.3 FOREVER..ENDFOR Loops 484

7.11.4 FOR Loops 485

7.11.5 The BREAK and CONTINUE Statements 486

7.11.6 Register Usage and Loops 490

7.12 Performance Improvements 491

7.12.1 Moving the Termination Condition to the End of a Loop 492

7.12.2 Executing the Loop Backward 494

7.12.3 Loop Invariant Computations 495

7.12.4 Unraveling Loops 496

7.12.5 Induction Variables 498

7.13 Hybrid Control Structures in HLA 499

7.14 For More Information 501

8 FILES 503

8.1 Chapter Overview 503

8.2 File Organization 503

8.2.1 Files as Lists of Records 504

8.2.2 Binary vs.Text Files 506

8.3 Sequential Files 508

8.4 Random Access Files 516

8.5 ISAM(Indexed Sequential Access Method)Files 520

8.6 Truncating a File 524

8.7 For More Information 525

9 ADVANCED ARITHMETIC 527

9.1 Chapter Overview 527

9.2 Multiprecision Operations 528

9.2.1 HLA Standard Library Support for Extended Precision Operations 528

9.2.2 Multiprecision Addition Operations 531

9.2.3 Multiprecision Subtraction Operations 534

9.2.4 Extended Precision Comparisons 535

9.2.5 Extended Precision Multiplication 539

9.2.6 Extended Precision Division 543

9.2.7 Extended Precision NEG Operations 553

9.2.8 Extended Precision AND Operations 555

9.2.9 Extended Precision OR Operations 555

9.2.10 Extended Precision XOR Operations 556

9.2.11 Extended Precision NOT Operations 556

9.2.12 Extended Precision Shift Operations 556

9.2.13 Extended Precision Rotate Operations 560

9.2.14 Extended Precision I/O 561

9.3 Operating on Different-Sized Operands 582

9.4 Decimal Arithmetic 584

9.4.1 Literal BCD Constants 585

9.4.2 The 80x86 DAA and DAS Instructions 586

9.4.3 The 80x86 AAA,AAS,AAM,and AAD Instructions 588

9.4.4 Packed Decimal Arithmetic Using the FPU 589

9.5 Tables 591

9.5.1 Function Computation via Table Look-Up 592

9.5.2 Domain Conditioning 597

9.5.3 Generating Tables 598

9.5.4 Table Look-Up Performance 601

9.6 For More Information 602

10 MACROS AND THE HLA COMPILE TIME LANGUAGE 602

10.1 Chapter Overview 603

10.2 Introduction to the Compile Time Language(CTL) 603

10.3 The #PRINT and #ERROR Statements 605

10.4 Compile Time Constants and Variables 607

10.5 Compile Time Expressions and Operators 607

10.6 Compile Time Functions 610

10.6.1 Type Conversion Compile Time Functions 611

10.6.2 Numeric Compile Time Functions 612

10.6.3 Character Classification Compile Time Functions 613

10.6.4 Compile Time String Functions 613

10.6.5 Compile Time Pattern Matching Functions 614

10.6.6 Compile Time Symbol Information 615

10.6.7 Miscellaneous Compile Time Functions 616

10.6.8 Compile Time Type Conversions of TEXT Objects 617

10.7 Conditional Compilation(Compile Time Decisions) 618

10.8 Repetitive Compilation(Compile Time Loops) 623

10.9 Macros(Compile Time Procedures) 627

10.9.1 Standard Macros 627

10.9.2 Macro Parameters 629

10.9.3 Local Symbols in a Macro 636

10.9.4 Macros as Compile Time Procedures 639

10.9.5 Simulating Function Overloading with Macros 640

10.10 Writing Compile Time "Programs" 646

10.10.1 Constructing Data Tables at Compile Time 646

10.10.2 Unrolling Loops 651

10.11 Using Macros in Different Source Files 653

10.12 For More Information 653

11 BIT MANIPULATION 655

11.1 Chapter Overview 655

11.2 What Is Bit Data,Anyway? 656

11.3 Instructions That Manipulate Bits 657

11.4 The Carry Flag as a Bit Accumulator 665

11.5 Packing and Unpacking Bit Strings 666

11.6 Coalescing Bit Sets and Distributing Bit Strings 669

11.7 Packed Arrays of Bit Strings 671

11.8 Searching for a Bit 673

11.9 Counting Bits 676

11.10 Reversing a Bit String 679

11.11 Merging Bit Strings 681

11.12 Extracting Bit Strings 682

11.13 Searching for a Bit Pattern 683

11.14 The HLA Standard Library Bits Module 684

11.15 For More Information 687

12 THE STRING INSTRUCTIONS 687

12.1 Chapter Overview 689

12.2 The 80x86 String Instructions 690

12.2.1 How the String Instructions Operate 690

12.2.2 The REP/REPE/REPZ and REPNZ/REPNE Prefixes 691

12.2.3 The Direction Flag 692

12.2.4 The MOVS Instruction 694

12.2.5 The CMPS Instruction 700

12.2.6 The SCAS Instruction 703

12.2.7 The STOS Instruction 704

12.2.8 The LODS Instruction 705

12.2.9 Building Complex String Functions from LODS and STOS 705

12.3 Performance of the 80x86 String Instructions 706

12.4 For More Information 707

13 THE MMX INSTRUCTION SET 709

13.1 Chapter Overview 709

13.2 Determining Whether a CPU Supports the MMX Instruction Set 710

13.3 The MMX Programming Environment 711

13.3.1 The MMX Registers 711

13.3.2 The MMX Data Types 713

13.4 The Purpose of the MMX Instruction Set 714

13.5 Saturation Arithmetic and Wrap-Around Mode 714

13.6 MMX Instruction Operands 715

13.7 MMX Technology Instructions 717

13.7.1 MMX Data Transfer Instructions 718

13.7.2 MMX Conversion Instructions 718

13.7.3 MMX Packed Arithmetic Instructions 723

13.7.4 MMX Logical Instructions 726

13.7.5 MMX Comparison Instructions 727

13.7.6 MMX Shift Instructions 731

13.7.7 The EMMS Instruction 733

13.8 The MMX Programming Paradigm 734

13.9 For More Information 745

14 CLASSES AND OBJECTS 747

14.1 Chapter Overview 747

14.2 General Principles 748

14.3 Classes in HLA 750

14.4 Objects 753

14.5 Inheritance 755

14.6 Overriding 756

14.7 Virtual Methods vs.Static Procedures 757

14.8 Writing Class Methods and Procedures 759

14.9 Object Implementation 764

14.9.1 Virtual Method Tables 767

14.9.2 Object Representation with Inheritance 769

14.10 Constructors and Object Initialization 773

14.10.1 Dynamic Object Allocation Within the Constructor 775

14.10.2 Constructors and Inheritance 777

14.10.3 Constructor Parameters and Procedure Overloading 781

14.11 Destructors 782

14.12 HLA's "_initialize_" and "_finalize_" Strings 783

14.13 Abstract Methods 789

14.14 Run-Time Type Information(RTTI) 792

14.15 Calling Base Class Methods 794

14.16 For More Information 795

15 MIXED LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 797

15.1 Chapter Overview 797

15.2 Mixing HLA and MASM/Gas Code in the Same Program 798

15.2.1 In-Line(MASM/Gas)Assembly Code in Your HLA Programs 798

15.2.2 Linking MASM/Gas-Assembled Modules with HLA Modules 801

15.3 Programming in Delphi/Kylix and HLA 805

15.3.1 Linking HLA Modules with Delphi/Kylix Programs 806

15.3.2 Register Preservation 810

15.3.3 Function Results 811

15.3.4 Calling Conventions 817

15.3.5 Pass by Value,Reference,CONST,and OUT in Kylix 823

15.3.6 Scalar Data Type Correspondence Between Delphi/Kylix and HLA 825

15.3.7 Passing String Data Between Delphi/Kylix and HLA Code 826

15.3.8 Passing Record Data Between HLA and Kylix 829

15.3.9 Passing Set Data Between Delphi/Kylix and HLA 833

15.3.10 Passing Array Data Between HLA and Delphi/Kylix 834

15.3.11 Referencing Delphi/Kylix Objects from HLA Code 834

15.4 Programming in C/C++ and HLA 837

15.4.1 Linking HLA Modules with C/C++ Programs 839

15.4.2 Register Preservation 842

15.4.3 Function Results 842

15.4.4 Calling Conventions 842

15.4.5 Pass by Value and Reference in C/C++ 847

15.4.6 Scalar Data Type Correspondence Between C/C++ and HLA 847

15.4.7 Passing String Data Between C/C++ and HLA Code 849

15.4.8 Passing Record/Structure Data Between HLA and C/C++ 849

15.4.9 Passing Array Data Between HLA and C/C++ 851

15.5 For More Information 852

A ASCII CHARACTER SET 853

B THE 80X86 INSTRUCTION SET 857

INDEX 889