功能对立 与雅柯布森音位 雅柯布森音系学初探PDF电子书下载

1．Functional Opposition in Jakobsonian Phonology 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Theoretical hypothesis and research questions 1

1.3 Research methodology and the structure of this book 4

1.4 Primary and secondary sources of this study 6

1.4.1 Primary sources 6

1.4.2 Secondary sources 11

1.4.3 Languages of Jakobson's text 14

2．Before Jakobson's Phoneme:The Linguistic and Extralinguistic Prelude in the Moscow Years 18

2.1 Introduction 18

2.2 The Lazarev linguistic and philological traditions 19

2.3 Artistic innovations 21

2.4 Xlebnikov and the contrastive pairs 24

2.5 The roots of Jakobson's linguistic thoughts 30

3．Functional Opposition,Phoneme and Phonology 35

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Jakobsonian phonology and its social background 36

3.2.1 The Prague and Brno years 36

3.2.2 The Nordic years 38

3.2.3 The American years 39

3.3 Jakobson's earliest attempts at the phonetics-phonology distinction 41

3.4 The context of the phoneme:Phonology the name vs.phonology the essence 45

3.4.1 Jakobson's phonology:The Saussurian label of the science 45

3.4.2 Jakobson's phonology:The Kazan label of the science 48

3.5 Jakobson's phonology:Standardization and practice 56

3.6 Functionalism and phoneme 60

3.7 Jakobson's earliest use of the term phoneme 61

3.8 Sources of the term phoneme 62

3.8.1 Phoneme in the pre-structuralist texts 62

3.8.2 Phoneme:Influence from the Kazan School 67

3.8.3 The controversy of Saussure's Phonème 71

3.9 Definitions and characteristics of Jakobson's phoneme 76

3.9.1 Jakobson's phoneme(1929-1932) 76

3.9.2 Jakobson's phoneme(1939-1942) 80

3.10 Summary 83

4．The Abstraction of Phoneme:Correlation and Archiphoneme 85

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 The source of phonological correlation disjunction 86

4.3 Archiphoneme:An attempt at the unit above the phoneme 89

4.3.1 Jakobson's earliest attempt at archiphoneme 89

4.3.2 Common core of correlative phonemes:A possible psychological interpretation 91

4.3.3 A comparison to Bloomfield's archiphoneme 94

4.3.4 A functional analysis of archiphoneme 96

4.3.5 From above the phoneme to below the phoneme 98

4.4 Between the phonemes:Phoneme combination rules 100

4.4.1 General laws that govern the correlations 100

4.4.2 Phonemic combination rules for a specific language 102

4.4.3 The possibility of general laws of phonemic combinations 103

4.5 Summary 107

5．Below the Phoneme:The Structure of the Phoneme and the Quest for the Distinctive Features 109

5.1 Introduction 109

5.2 Jakobson's earliest attempts at the distinctive features 110

5.3 The source of the English term"distinctive feature" 115

5.3.1 The terms"distinctive"and"feature"mentioned by Sapir 115

5.3.2 Bloomfield's distinctive feature 118

5.3.3 The denial of the linguistic importance of"feature"in Grundzüge 121

5.4 The necessity of sub-phonemic entities 125

5.4.1 Sub-phonemic entities and the economy in phonological analysis 125

5.4.2 The problem of correlation in phonemic oppositions 128

5.5 The earliest distinctive features 130

5.5.1 Acute vs.grave 130

5.5.2 Posterior vs.anterior 131

5.5.3 Strident vs.mellow 133

5.5.4 Other types of oppositions 135

6．Coda:Functional Opposition in the Key Issues of Distinctive Features 137

6.1 Introduction 137

6.2 A different approach:Hockett's approximations to sub-phonemic entities 137

6.3 Functionalism and the axis of simultaneity 141

6.4 The binary issue 146

6.5 The quest for the appropriate numbers of distinctive features 152

6.6 Summary 154

Bibliography 156

Index 177