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Unit One Classification of Sentences 1

1.1 Topic Sentences,Supporting Sentences,and Concluding Sentences 3

1.2 General(Abstract) Sentences and Specific (Concrete)Sentences 4

1.3 Statements,Questions,Commands,and Exclamations 5

1.4 Simple Sentences,Compound Sentences,Complex Sentences,and Compound-complex Sentences 6

1.5 Loose Sentences,Periodic Sentences,and Balanced Sentences 9

1.6 Short Sentences and Long Sentences 11

Exercises 12

Unit Two Functional Classification of Sentences and Uses of Sentences 14

2.1 Exclamations(Exclamatory Sentences) 14

2.2 Questions(Interrogative Sentences) 16

2.3 Commands(Imperative Sentences) 20

2.4 Statements(Declarative Sentences) 23

Exercises 33

Unit Three Grammatical Classification of Sentences and Sentence Expansion 36

3.1 Clause Elements 36

3.2 Basic Sentence Patterns 37

3.3 Sentence Expansion—Modification and Compounding 39

3.4 Sentence Expansion—Coordination and Subordination 48

3.5 Considerations on the Use of Different Grammatical Types of Sentences 59

3.6 Application of Modification and Compounding as well as Subordination and Coordination in Sentence Expansion 63

Exercises 65

Unit Four Rhetorical Classification of Sentences and Sentence Conversion 68

4.1 Rhetorical Classification of Sentences 68

4.2 The Different Effects between Loose and Periodic Sentences 69

4.3 Loose Sentence 69

4.4 Periodic Sentence 71

4.5 Methods of Conversion from Loose to Periodic 73

4.6 Balanced Sentence 78

4.7 The Mixed Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 78

Exercises 79

Unit Five Sentence Combination and Long and Short Sentences 81

5.1 Criteria for the Best Combmation 81

5.2 Methods and Principles in Sentence Combination 82

5.3 Logical Problems in Sentence Combination 85

5.4 Occasions to Use Short and Long Sentences 90

Exercises 95

Unit Six Sentence Variety through Non-subject-first Sentence 97

6.1 Ways to Avoid Subject-first Sentences 97

6.2 Principles in Sentence-beginning Variety 101

6.3 Use of the Principles in Combination 103

Exercises 106

Unit Seven Run-on Sentence 109

7.1 Two Types of Run-on Sentences 109

7.2 Five Ways of Correction 110

7.3 Use of the Principles of Revising Run-on Sentences 111

7.4 Legitimate Run-on Sentences 116

Exercises 117

Unit Eight Sentence Fragments 120

8.1 Acceptable or Legitimate Sentence Fragments 120

8.2 Five Major Types of Acceptable Sentence Fragrnents 121

8.3 Added-detail Fragments 125

8.4 Missing-Subject Fragments 126

Exercises 128

Unit Nine Parallelism and Faulty Parallelism 132

9.1 The Meaning of Parallelism 132

9.2 Three Major Types of Faulty Parallelism 133

9.3 Punctuating Parallel Elements 140

Exercises 141

Unit Ten Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 144

10.1 Adverbials 144

10.2 Modification in the Form of Adjective,Noun Phrases,or Clauses 145

10.3 Misplaced Modifiers 148

10.4 Dangling Modifiers 151

Exercises 152

Unit Eleven Diction 157

11.1 Levels of Diction 157

11.2 Formal and Informal 157

11.3 Concrete and Specific,Abstract and General 158

11.4 Denotation and Connotation 161

11.5 Slang 162

11.6 Cliché 163

11.7 Pretentious Words or Jargon 163

11.8 Wordiness 164

Exercises 165

Unit Twelve Punctuation 169

12.1 Comma 169

12.2 Period,Question mark,and Exclamation Mark 175

12.3 Semicolon and Colon 178

12.4 Hyphen 181

12.5 Dash 182

12.6 Parentheses 184

12.7 Quotation Mark 186

Exercises 188

Bibliography 194