弦论 第2卷PDF电子书下载

10 Type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ superstrings 1

10.1 The superconformal algebra 1

10.2 Ramond and Neveu-Schwarz sectors 5

10.3 Vertex operators and bosonization 10

10.4 The superconformal ghosts 15

10.5 Physical states 20

10.6 Superstring theories in ten dimensions 25

10.7 Modular invariance 31

10.8 Divergences of type Ⅰ theory 37

Exercises 43

11 The heterotic string 45

11.1 World-sheet supersymmetries 45

11.2 The SO(32) and E8×E8 heterotic strings 49

11.3 Other ten-dimensional heterotic strings 55

11.4 A little Lie algebra 59

11.5 Current algebras 66

11.6 The bosonic construction and toroidal compactification 73

Exercises 82

12 Superstring interactions 84

12.1 Low energy supergravity 84

12.2 Anomalies 94

12.3 Superspace and superfields 103

12.4 Tree-level amplitudes 110

12.5 General amplitudes 118

12.6 One-loop amplitudes 126

Exercises 134

13 D-branes 136

13.1 T-duality of type Ⅱ strings 136

13.2 T-duality of type Ⅰ strings 138

13.3 The D-brane charge and action 146

13.4 D-brane interactions:statics 152

13.5 D-brane interactions:dynamics 158

13.6 D-brane interactions:bound states 164

Exercises 175

14 Strings at strong coupling 178

14.1 Type ⅡB string and SL(2,Z) duality 179

14.2 U-duality 187

14.3 SO(32) type Ⅰ-heterotic duality 190

14.4 Type ⅡA string and M-theory 198

14.5 The E8×E8 heterotic string 205

14.6 What is string theory? 208

14.7 Is M for matrix? 211

14.8 Black hole quantum mechanics 219

Exercises 226

15 Advanced CFT 228

15.1 Representations of the Virasoro algebra 228

15.2 The conformal bootstrap 233

15.3 Minimal models 236

15.4 Current algebras 243

15.5 Coset models 250

15.6 Representations of the N=1 superconformal algebra 254

15.7 Rational CFT 255

15.8 Renormalization group flows 259

15.9 Statistical mechanics 266

Exercises 271

16 Orbifolds 274

16.1 Orbifolds of the heterotic string 275

16.2 Spacetime supersymmetry 281

16.3 Examples 283

16.4 Low energy field theory 292

Exercises 300

17 Calabi-Yau compactification 302

17.1 Conditions for N=1 supersymmetry 302

17.2 Calabi-Yau manifolds 305

17.3 Massless spectrum 312

17.4 Low energy field theory 315

17.5 Higher corrections 321

17.6 Generalizations 324

18 Physics in four dimensions 327

18.1 Continuous and discrete symmetries 327

18.2 Gauge symmetries 335

18.3 Mass scales 343

18.4 More on unification 351

18.5 Conditions for spacetime supersymmetry 356

18.6 Low energy actions 359

18.7 Supersymmetry breaking in perturbation theory 362

18.8 Supersymmetry beyond perturbation theory 366

Exercises 373

19 Advanced topics 375

19.1 The N=2 superconformal algebra 375

19.2 Type Ⅱ strings on Calabi-Yau manifolds 379

19.3 Heterotic string theories with(2,2)SCFT 386

19.4 N=2 minimal models 390

19.5 Gepner models 394

19.6 Mirror symmetry and applications 402

19.7 The conifold 409

19.8 String theories on K3 415

19.9 String duality below ten dimensions 421

19.10 Conclusion 429

Exercises 429

Appendix B:Spinors and SUSY in various dimensions 430

B.1 Spinors in various dimensions 430

B.2 Introduction to supersymmetry:d=4 439

B.3 Supersymmetry in d=2 449

B.4 Differential forms and generalized gauge fields 450

B.5 Thirty-two supersymmetries 452

B.6 Sixteen supersymmetries 457

B.7 Eight supersymmetries 461

Exercises 466

References 467

Glossary 488

Index 518