Contents 1
Unit One 1
Text：The Nature of Linguistics 1
S．R．：The Study of Language 12
Unit Two 16
Text：The Origin of Language 16
S．R．：The origin of the First Language 25
Unit Three 28
Text：The Definition of Language 28
S．R．：The Nature of Language 35
Unit Four 40
Text：The History of Linguistics 40
S．R．：History of Linguistics 50
Text：The History of English 53
Unit Five 53
S．R．：The Importance of Knowing the History of English 62
Unit Six 65
Text：The Mechanism of Speech 65
S．R．：Phonetics 75
Unit Seven 77
Text：English Vowels and Their Classification 77
S．R．：More Than Vowels 88
Unit Eight 90
Text：English Consonants and Their Classification 90
S．R．：Manners of Articulation 97
Unit Nine 100
Text：Distinctive Sounds 100
S．R．：Phonology：The Sound Patterns of Language 106
Text：Morphology：The Words of Language 109
Unit Ten 109
S．R．：Morphology 116
Unit Eleven 120
Text：Traditional Grammar 120
S．R．：Parts ofSpeech 128
Unit Twelve 134
Text：Structural Grammar 134
S．R．：Structural Analysis of English Syntax 140
Unit Thirteen 146
Text：Transformational Grammar 146
S．R．：Another Way：Theorizing About Language 162
Unit Fourteen 168
Text：Semantics（Ⅰ） 168
S．R．：Semantics（A） 175
Text：Semantics（Ⅱ） 180
Unit Fifteen 180
S．R．：Semantics（B） 189
Unit Sixteen 195
Text：Pragmatics：The Study of Language Use and Communication 195
S．R．：Problems with the Message Model 206
Unit Seventeen 212
Text：Human Communication：Three Systems 212
S．R．：A Glance at Some Other Communication Systems 218
Unit Eighteen 222
Text：Style as Choice 222
S．R．：The Styles ofthe Five Clocks 232
Appendix Ⅰ Linguists 243
Appendix Ⅱ Glossary 251