Chapter 1 Getting Started 1
Congratulations！ 1
CCIE：An Overview 2
What Background Do I Need to Become a CCIE？ 3
Steps in Becoming a CCIE 3
CCIE Routing and Switching Expert 4
The Tests for CCIE Routing and Switching Expert 5
CCIE WAN Switching Expert 6
The Tests for CCIE WAN Switching Expert 7
CCIE ISP Dial Expert 8
The Tests for CCIE ISP Dial Expert 9
Recertification for CCIEs 9
Gaining the Necessary Cisco Training 9
Getting the Most from Your Training by Developing Good Study Habits 12
What s Behind Certification Requirements？ 15
Registering for the Exam 17
Tips for Taking the Exams 17
Standard Testing Technique 18
What to Do If You Fail 19
Conclusion 20
Chapter 2 Data Link Layer—MAC Layer Issues 21
Data Link Layer Addressing 21
Data Link Frames 22
MAC Addressing 24
FDDI Addressing 25
Bit Order Transmission 25
Ethernet Architecture 26
Ethernet Definition 26
Ethernet Transmission 28
Ethernet Reception 30
Full-Duplex Ethernet 34
IEEE 802．2 Data Link Service 35
Summary of Ethernet Frame Formations and Descriptions 37
IEEE 802．3 Frame Format 37
IEEE 802．3 SNAP Frame Format 37
802．3 Raw Novell Proprietary Frame Format 38
802．2 LLC Header 39
Addressing Schemes 40
Fast Ethernet 41
Media Access Control Layer 41
Media Independent Interface Layer 41
100BASE-TX Physical Layer 42
100BASE-FX Physical Layer 43
100BASE-T4 Physical Layer 43
Wiring Standard 44
Network Diameter 44
Repeater Classes 45
Ethernet Vendor Addresses 45
Token Ring Architecture 45
Token Ring Operation 46
Token Ring Frame Definitions 48
Token Format 52
Token Ring Addressing 53
Token Ring Functions 56
Token Ring Initialization 57
Starting the Ring：The Token Claim Process 58
Operation 58
Frame Transmission 60
Normal Repeat Mode 61
Frame Reception 61
Early Token Release 62
Fault Isolation and Software Error Reporting 62
Token Ring Monitors：Maintaining the Ring 64
FDDI Architecture 82
Basic FDDI Characteristics 85
FDDI Timers and Frame Formats 87
Connection Establishment 90
Ring Initialization 91
Neighbor Notification and Duplicate Address Check 92
Normal Operation 93
FDDI Management 94
Address Summary 96
Summary 96
Token Ring Architecture Summary 97
FDDI Architecture Summary 97
Data Link Layer Study Questions 98
Chapter 3 Logical Link Control Layer Issues 139
MAC and LLC Layers 139
LLC Type 2 Operation 142
Connection-Oriented LLC2—Asynchronous Balance Mode 142
Frame Formats 142
SAP Addressing 144
Sequencing of Data（LLC2） 147
Timer Functions 149
Connection-Oriented Services of the IEEE 802．2 Protocol 150
Details of LLC Type 2 Operation 151
LLC2 Frame Reception 152
A Live Connection 154
LLC Type 1 Operation 159
Information Transfer 159
SNAP 160
Logical Link Control Layer Study Questions 162
Chapter 4 Bridging and LAN Switching 167
Bridging Advantages 168
How Bridges Work 168
MAC Bridge Frame Formats 168
Transparent Bridging 170
Spanning Tree Algorithm 173
How STB Works 175
Shaping the Spanning Tree 177
Cisco Transparent Bridging Features 180
Source-Route Bridging（SRB） 181
How Source Routing Works 182
Source Route Traffic Overhead 198
Parallel Bridges and Load Balancing 199
Route Determination 202
Cisco Source Route Bridging 202
Source Route Bridging Features 202
Remote Source-Route Bridging 203
DLSw+ 204
SRB Summary 204
Source Route Transparent 205
The SRT Solution 205
SRT BRIDGING 206
About SRT 207
Source-Route Transparent Bridging Features 208
Translational and Encapsulation Bridging 210
Translational Bridging 210
Encapsulation Bridging 211
Translation from Token Ring Frames to Ethernet 211
Translation from Ethernet Frames to Token Ring 211
Bridging Study Questions 212
Transparent Bridging 212
Source-Routing Bridging 214
Source Route Transparent 219
Other Reference Materials 222
Chapter 5 NetBIOS Architecture 223
NetBIOS Names 224
Naming Services 225
NetBIOS General Service Commands 225
What Are NetBIOS Services？ 225
What Is a NetBIOS Session？ 228
NetBIOS Datagram Services 230
NBF and Sessions 236
NetBEUI and the OSI Model 237
LLC Sublayer 237
Connectionless Traffic 237
Connection-Oriented Traffic 238
Adaptive Sliding Window Protocol 239
Link Timers 239
NetBIOS Session Timers 239
NetBEUI on a Multisegmented Token Ring LAN 240
Cisco NetBIOS support 240
NetBIOS Broadcast Throttling 241
NetBIOS Name Caching 241
NetBIOS Broadcast Damping 242
NetBIOS Datagram Broadcast Handling 242
Broadcast Reduction 242
Name Caching 243
NetBIOS Cache Aging 243
Statically Configured NetBIOS Names 243
NetBIOS Study Questions 244
Chapter 6 Working with AppleTalk 249
Cisco Systems AppleTalk Routing 249
Data Link and Physical Layers 250
Link-Access Protocols 251
Data Links 251
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol（AARP） 251
AppleTalk AARP Addressing 252
Network Layer 254
DDP Protocol Packet Layout 256
What Is an AppleTalk Network Number？ 258
AppleTalk Phase 1 Architecture 259
AppleTalk Phase 2 Architecture 259
Integrating AppleTalk Phase 1 and 2 259
Transport Layer 260
Routing Table Maintenance Protocol 261
AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol 265
Name Binding Protocol Header Descriptions 267
What Is an AppleTalk Zone？ 271
Zone Information Protocol 271
ASP Session Protocol 274
Printer Access Protocol（PAP） 274
AppleTalk Filing Protocol 275
Presentation Layer Protocols 275
Cisco Enhancements to Standard AppleTalk Services 276
Security 277
AppleTalk CCIE Study Questions 277
Chapter 7 Working With Novell NetWare 289
Building the Directory Framework 289
Directory Logical Structure 291
MAC 291
ATM 291
MAC Header 292
Data Link Frames and Frame Types 292
FDDI SNAP 292
IPX Addressing 295
NetWare Layer 3 Support 295
Host Number 297
Network Number 297
Socket Number 297
Checksum 298
Length 298
Transport Control 298
Packet Type 298
Destination Network 298
Destination Host Node 299
Destination Socket 299
Source Network 299
Novell IPX Routing Information Protocol（RIP） 300
Distance-Vector Algorithms 300
Source Socket 300
Source Node 300
Cisco IOS IPX Routing Table 301
Client and Router Interaction 304
IPX RIP Interval 305
Multiple Routes 305
IPX and Split Horizon 306
IPX Static Routing 306
Configurable RIP Timers 306
Novell Burst Mode Architecture 307
Novell Burst Mode Sequence Number 307
NLSP：A Link-State Routing Protocol 309
Link-State Databases 312
NLSP Addressing 314
NLSP Advantages 315
Level 1 LSP 318
NLSP Management Information 320
Link-State Information 321
Services Information 323
External Routes Header 325
IPX Level 1 Hello Packet 328
CSNP Header 330
Service Advertising Protocol 331
SAP Header Format and Fields 332
Cisco Static SAP Tables 334
Cisco Configurable SAP Timers 334
Service Advertising Protocol 334
IPX SAP Interval 334
SPX Architecture 334
SPX Header Description 335
Large Packets 335
SPX Packet Format 335
SPX Acknowledgment Packets 337
SPX Connection Management Packets 337
Connection Management 337
Session Termination 337
SPX Watchdog Algorithm 337
Session Watchdog during Connection Establishment 338
Windowing Algorithm 338
Managing Sequence and Acknowledge Numbers 338
Acknowledgments 338
Extensive Error-Recovery Mechanisms 338
Congestion Control Algorithm 339
NetWare Core Protocol 339
Window Size 339
Data Packet Timeout 339
NCP Header Descriptions 341
NCP Function Codes 341
NetBIOS over IPX 342
IPX Version 1．0 342
Connection Establishment 344
The Shell Program 345
IPX Protocol Design Worksheet 348
Novell IPX PROTOCOL WORKSHEET 349
Novell IPX RIP WORKSHEET 350
Novell SAP WORKSHEET 351
Novell IPX WAN DESIGN WORKSHEET 352
NOVELL NLSP DESIGN WORKSHEET 353
Novell CCIE Study Questions* 354
Internet Protocol（IP） 369
Chapter 8 TCP/IP Architecture Overview 369
IP Datagrams 371
IP Addresses 374
Address Classes 375
Summary of IP Address Classes 376
Classless InterDomain Routing（CIDR） 376
Subnetting 377
Variable Length Subnet Masks（VLSM） 377
IP Addressing and Subnetting Exercises 378
ARP Architecture 383
ARP：Frame Encapsulation 383
ARP：Header Format 384
Proxy ARP 384
Reverse ARP 384
ARP Features 385
DHCP Protocol Architecture 386
DHCP Scopes 386
DHCP Relay 386
Configuration Parameters 388
Network Address Allocation 389
Client-Server Protocol 389
Constructing and Sending DHCP Messages 397
DHCP Server Controls 399
DHCP Server Behavior 399
DHCP Client Behavior 405
Applications and Benefits 409
Managing DNS 409
DHCP in a Switched Network 409
Internet Control Message Protocol（ICMP） 410
TCP/IP Networks Easier to Configure 410
ICMP Header Format 411
Echo Request（Type 8）or Echo Reply Message（Type 0） 411
ICMP Encapsulation 411
IP Fields 412
Destination Unreachable Message 413
Source Quench Message 415
ICMP Fields 415
Redirect Message 416
IP Fields 416
ICMP Fields 416
Time Exceeded Message 417
IP Fields 417
ICMP Fields 417
ICMP Fields 418
Parameter Problem Message 418
IP Fields 418
Timestamp Request or Timestamp Reply Message 419
IP Fields 420
ICMP Fields 420
Information Request or Information Reply Message 420
IP Fields 420
ICMP Fields 420
Address Mask Request or Address Mask Reply Message 421
TCP Protocol Overview 422
Full-Duplex Operation 423
Sequence Numbers 423
Window Size and Buffering 423
Header Format 424
Round-Trip Time Estimation 424
Sequence Numbers 427
Initial Sequence Number Selection 428
Establishing a connection 428
The Communication of Urgent Information 432
Managing the Window 432
User Datagram Protocol（UDP） 433
UDP and the ISO Model 433
UDP Header Encapsulation 435
NetBIOS over TCP/IP 435
Interface to Application Programs 436
NetBIOS Scope 438
NetBIOS End-Nodes 438
NetBIOS Name Server（NBNS）Nodes 440
NetBIOS Support Servers 440
Relationship of NetBIOS Support Servers and B Nodes 441
Topologies 441
Retransmission of Requests 442
Requests without Responses：Demands 442
Transaction ID 443
TCP and UDP Foundations 443
Representation of NetBIOS Names 443
First Level Encoding 443
Second Level Encoding 444
NetBIOS Name Service 444
Name Registration（Claim） 444
Overview of NetBIOS Session Service 445
NetBIOS Session Service 445
Name Release 445
Name Query（Discovery） 445
Explicit Release 445
Session Establishment Phase Overview 446
NetBIOS Datagram Service 447
NetBIOS Datagrams by B Nodes 447
NetBIOS Datagrams by P and M Nodes 448
Cisco s TCP/IP Options 449
Access Restrictions 449
Multivendor Tunneling 450
IP Multicast Support 450
Routing Protocol Update Suppression 450
Administrative Distance 450
Routing Protocol Redistribution 450
Network Monitoring and Debugging 451
Serverless Network Support 451
Summary 452
TCP/IP CCIE Study Questions 452
Chapter 9 Routing Information Protocol（RIP） 487
RIP Limitations 488
Split Horizon 490
Triggered Updates 490
Route States 491
UP 491
GARBAGE COLLECTION 491
Hold-Down 491
RIPv1 Commands 493
Addressing Considerations 493
RIP Timers 495
RIP Summary 496
RIP Header Format and Fields 496
Route Tag 499
Subnet Mask 499
Next Hop 499
Queries 500
Authentication 500
Larger Infinity 500
Security Considerations 500
When Should 1 Choose RIPv1 over RIPv2？ 500
TCP/IP RIP Routing Protocol 502
Design Checklist 502
RIP Study Questions 503
IGRP 509
Chapter 10 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and Enhanced IGRP 509
Stability Features 510
Timers 511
IGRP Header Format Description 511
Enhanced IGRP 513
Packet Types 514
Neighbor Tables 516
Topology Tables 516
Route States 516
Route Tagging 517
Compatibility with IGRP 517
Cisco IGRP Design Worksheet 518
IGRP EIGRP Study Questions 519
The Shortest-Path Tree 529
Chapter 11 Open Shortest Path First 529
OSPF Topology 530
Area Partitioning 531
OSPF Router Classes 532
OSPF Network Support 532
Virtual Links 534
Hierarchical Routing 534
Stub Areas 535
OSPF Concepts 535
Neighbors 536
Designated Router 536
Adjacency 537
Dijkstra Algorithm 538
Flooding 538
Routing Protocol Packets 539
OSPF Message Header 539
The Hello Protocol 542
Designated Router 547
Electing the DR 548
Database Description Packets 549
Link State Request Packets 550
Link State Update packets 551
Router Link State Advertisements 553
Network LSAs 555
Summary LSAs 556
Autonomous System External LSAs 556
OSPF Routing Protocol Design Worksheet 559
OSPF Study Questions 560
Chapter 12 Border Gateway Protocol 575
How BGP Works 577
Routes：Advertisement and Storage 578
Routing Information Bases 579
Operational Features 579
BGP Message Header Format 580
OPEN Message Format 580
UPDATE Message Format 584
KEEPALIVE Message Format 588
NOTIFICATION Message Format 588
BGP Error Handling 594
Connection collision detection 594
BGP Version Negotiation 595
BGP Finite State Machine 595
Breaking Ties（Phase 2） 598
Decision Process 598
Phase 3：Route Dissemination 599
Overlapping Routes 599
Update-Send Process 600
Internal Updates 601
Breaking Ties（Internal Updates） 601
External Updates 602
Originating BGP routes 603
BGP CCIE Study Questions 603
Chapter 13 Data Link Switching（DLSw） 613
Background 613
Objective of DLSw 613
Common Method for Transport of SNA over TCP/IP 614
Overview of DLSw 614
Transport Connection 616