19 Gases 1037
19.1 Properties of Gases 1037
19.1.1 Pressure 1037
19.1.2 The Boyle-Mariotte Law 1039
19.1.3 Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law 1040
19.1.4 The Avogadro-Ampere Law 1040
19.1.5 Normal and Standard Conditions 1040
19.1.6 Equation ofState of Ideal Gases 1041
19.1.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure 1041
19.1.8 Equations of State of Real Gases 1042
19.1.8.1 Van der Waals Equation of State 1042
19.1.8.2 Virial Equation of State 1043
19.1.9 Density and Specific Gravity of Gases 1044
19.1.10 Barometric Equation 1045
19.1.11 Isobaric Coefficient of Cubic Expansion 1046
19.1.12 Compressibility Factor 1046
19.1.13 Isotherms of Real Gases and Critical Constants 1046
19.1.14 Critical Parameters 1047
19.1.15 The Principle of Corresponding States 1048
19.1.16 Microscopic Properties of Gas Molecules 1048
19.1.17 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities 1049
19.1.18 Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities 1049
19.1.19 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 1050
19.1.20 Gas Permeability of Polymers 1051
19.1.21 Dielectric Properties of Gases,Permittivity and Breakdown Voltage 1052
19.1.22 Psychrometry and Hygrometry 1054
19.1.23 Vapor Pressure 1054
19.1.23.1 Absolute Humidity or Humidity Ratio 1054
19.1.23.2 Mass Fraction ofWater Vapor or Specific Humidity 1056
19.1.23.3 Relative Humidity 1056
19.1.23.4 Humid Heat 1056
19.1.23.5 Humid or Specific Volume 1056
19.1.23.6 Dry-Bulb Temperature 1057
19.1.23.7 Wet-Bulb Temperature 1057
19.1.23.8 Wet-Bulb Depression 1057
19.1.23.9 Dew Point Temperature 1057
19.1.23.10 Specific Enthalpy 1057
19.1.23.11 Latent Heat of Fusion 1057
19.1.23.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization 1058
19.1.23.13 Refractivity of Moist Air 1058
19.1.23.14 Psychrometric Charts 1058
19.1.23.15 Psychrometric Equations 1058
19.1.24 Flammability of Gases and Vapors 1062
19.1.24.1 Flammability Limits 1062
19.1.24.2 Explosive Limits 1062
19.1.24.3 Autoignition Temperature 1063
19.1.24.4 Ignition Energy 1063
19.1.24.5 Maximum Explosion Pressure 1063
19.1.24.6 Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise 1063
19.1.24.7 High and Low Heating Values 1063
19.1.25 Toxicity of Gases and Threshold Limit Averages 1064
19.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Major Gases 1064
19.3 Monographies on Major Industrial Gases 1074
19.3.1 Air 1074
19.3.2 Nitrogen 1075
19.3.3 Oxygen 1076
19.3.4 Hydrogen 1078
19.3.5 Methane 1086
19.3.6 Carbon Monoxide 1087
19.3.7 Carbon Dioxide 1089
19.3.8 Helium and Noble Gases 1090
19.3.8.1 Neon 1091
19.3.8.2 Argon 1092
19.3.8.3 Krypton 1092
19.3.8.4 Xenon 1092
19.3.8.5 Radon 1092
19.4 Halocarbons 1093
19.5 Hydrates of Gases and Clathrates 1094
19.6 Materials for Drying and Purifying Gases 1095
19.6.1 Drying Agents and Dessicants 1095
19.6.2 Molecular Sieves 1095
19.6.3 Getters and Scavengers 1099
19.7 Producers and Manufacturers of Major Industrial Gases 1100
19.8 Further Reading 1101
20 Liquids 1103
20.1 Properties of Liquids 1103
20.1.1 Density and Specific Gravity 1103
20.1.2 Hydrometer Scales 1104
20.1.3 Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities 1104
20.1.3.1 Shear Stress 1105
20.1.3.2 Shear Rate 1105
20.1.3.3 Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity 1105
20.1.3.4 Kinematic Viscosity 1105
20.1.3.5 Temperature Dependence of the Dynamic Viscosity 1106
20.1.4 Classification of Fluids 1106
20.1.5 The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation and Pressure Losses 1106
20.1.5.1 Pressure Drop 1106
20.1.5.2 Friction Losses 1106
20.1.6 Sedimentation and Free settling 1109
20.1.7 Vapor Pressure 1110
20.1.8 Surface Tension,Wetting and Capillarity 1110
20.1.8.1 Surface Tension 1110
20.1.8.2 Temperature Dependence and Order of Magnitude of Surface Tension 1112
20.1.8.3 Parachor and Walden's Rule 1113
20.1.8.4 Wetting 1113
20.1.8.5 Contact Angle 1113
20.1.8.6 Young's Equation 1113
20.1.8.7 Work of Cohesion,Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient 1114
20.1.8.8 Two Liquids and a Solid 1115
20.1.8.9 Antonoff's Rule 1116
20.1.8.10 Capillarity and the Young-Laplace Equation 1116
20.1.8.11 Jurin's Law 1116
20.1.8.12 Measurements of Surface Tension 1117
20.1.9 Colligative Properties of Nonvolatile Solutes 1118
20.1.9.1 Raoult's Law for Boiling Point Elevation 1118
20.1.9.2 Raoult's Law and Freezing Point Depression 1119
20.1.9.3 Van't Hoff Law for Osmotic Pressure 1120
20.1.10 Flammability of Liquids 1121
20.2 Properties of Most Common Liquids 1121
20.3 Monographies on Liquids 1121
20.3.1 Properties of Water and Heavy Water 1121
20.3.2 Properties of Liquid Acids and Bases 1168
20.3.3 Properties of Heavy Liquids(Heavy Media) 1171
20.3.3.1 Dense Halogenated Organic Solvents 1171
20.3.3.2 Dense Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts 1172
20.3.3.3 Low Temperature of Molten Inorganic Salts 1174
20.3.3.4 Dense Emulsions and Suspensions 1174
20.3.3.5 Paramagnetic Liquid Oxygen 1175
20.4 Properties of Liquid Metals 1175
20.5 Properties of Molten Salts 1177
20.6 Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids 1178
20.7 Colloidal and Dispersed Systems 1180
20.8 Further Reading 1180