1 Basic Concepts of Metallic Materials 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Metallic Crystals Structures 1
1.2.1 The Face-centered Cubic Crystal Structure 2
1.2.2 The Body-centered Cubic Crystal Structure 3
1.2.3 The Hexagonal Close-packed Crystal Structure 4
1.3 Crystal Systems 5
1.4 Crystallographic Directions 7
1.5 Directions in Hexagonal Crystals 8
1.6 Crystallographic Planes 10
Words and Expressions 12
2 Strengthening Mechanisms 13
2.1 Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 13
2.1.1 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 13
2.1.2 Solid-solution Strengthening 15
2.1.3 Strain Hardening 17
2.2 Recovery,Recrystallization,and Grain Growth 18
2.2.1 Recovery 19
2.2.2 Recrystallization 19
2.2.3 Grain Growth 22
Words and Expressions 24
3 The History of Rolling 25
3.1 The Early History of Rolling 25
3.2 Late Developments in the Hot Rolling of Steel in Europe 27
3.3 The Early Rolling of Steel in the United States 29
3.4 Energy Source for Rolling Mills 31
3.5 The Historical Development of Cold Rolling 32
3.6 Modern Cold-reduction Facilities 33
3.7 Foil Mills 35
3.8 Temper or Skin Pass Mills 35
3.9 Modern Hot Strip Mills 35
Words and Expressions 38
4 Classifications of Rolling Mills 43
4.1 Main Components of a Mill Stand 43
4.2 Classification of Mill Stands 44
4.3 General Classification of Rolling Mills 47
4.4 Components of High-production Hot Strip Mills 48
4.5 Classification of High-production Hot Strip Mills 49
4.6 Compact Hot Strip Mills 50
4.7 Integrated Continuous Casting and Hot Rolling Process 51
4.8 Cold Mill Arrangement 52
4.9 Processing Lines Incorporating Cold Mills 52
Words and Expressions 53
5 Plate Mills 56
5.1 Introduction 56
5.2 Types of Mills Used for the Rolling of Plates 56
5.3 Plate-mill Design 57
Words and Expressions 58
6 Hot-Strip Mills 60
6.1 Introduction 60
6.2 Steckel Hot Mills 60
6.3 Planetary Mills 61
6.4 Semi-continuous Hot-strip Mills 62
6.5 Continuous Hot-strip Mills 63
6.6 Rougher Trains 65
6.7 Finishing Trains 66
Words and Expressions 66
7 Twin-roll Casting Technology 68
7.1 Introduction 68
7.2 Process Overview 69
7.3 Nucor's Crawfordsville CASTRIP Facility 71
7.4 The Limits of Present Thick and Thin Slab Casting 73
Words and Expressions 75
8 Metal Casting Processes 77
8.1 History 77
8.2 Advantages and Limitations 78
8.3 Applications 78
8.4 Casting Terms 78
8.5 Sand Mould Making Procedure 79
8.6 Melting Equipment for Non-ferrous Foundries 80
8.7 Fluidity and Pouring 82
Words and Expressions 83
9 Forging 85
9.1 Classification of Forging Process 85
9.2 Forging Equipment 88
9.3 Open-die Forging 88
9.4 Close-die Forging 91
9.5 Calculation of Forging Loads in Closed-die Forging 93
9.6 Forging Defects 93
9.7 Residual Stresses in Forging 94
Words and Expressions 95
10 Sheet-Metal Forming 97
10.1 Introduction 97
10.2 Forming Methods 98
10.3 Shearing and Blanking 102
10.4 Bending 103
10.5 Stretch Forming 104
10.6 Deep Drawing 106
Words and Expressions 107
11 Extrusion 110
11.1 Classification of Extrusion Processes 110
11.2 Extrusion Equipment 111
11.3 Hot Extrusion 113
11.4 Cold Extrusion and Cold Forming 115
11.5 Hydrostatic Extrusion 116
11.6 Extrusion of Tubing 117
Words and Expressions 118
12 Classification of Welding Processes 120
Words and Expressions 122
13 Methods of Welding 124
13.1 Types of Welded Joint 124
13.2 Weld Formation 126
13.3 Cold Pressure Welding 127
13.4 Hot Pressure Welding 128
13.5 Gas Heating 128
13.6 Resistance Heating 128
13.7 Induction Heating 129
13.8 Friction Welding 130
Words and Expressions 132
14 Welding Techniques for Manual Welding 133
14.1 Operating Characteristics of Manual Metal Arc（MMA）Welding 134
14.1.1 Welding Current 134
14.1.2 Position of Welding 136
14.1.3 Functions of Flux Covering 138
14.2 Weld Metal Protection 138
14.3 Arc Stabilization 139
14.4 Control of Surface Profile 139
14.5 Control of Weld Metal in Position 140
14.6 Control of Weld Metal Composition 140
Words and Expressions 141
15 Gas Shielded Arc Welding 142
15.1 Historical Background 142
15.2 Inert Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 144
15.3 Electrode Polarity 145
15.4 Arc Maintenance 146
15.5 Direct Current Component 148
15.6 Starting the Welding Arc 148
15.7 Welding Techniques 149
15.8 Stopping the Weld 150
15.9 Applications 150
Words and Expressions 151
Appendix 1：Academic Paper Ⅰ 152
Appendix 2：Academic Paper Ⅱ 156
Appendix 3：Academic Paper Ⅲ 162
Appendix 4：Academic Paper Ⅳ 167
References 174