Ⅰ.Liquid-Gas 1
Surface Tension 1
Measurement of Surface Tension 4
A.The Radii of Curvature 4
B.Sessile Drops and Bubbles 7
C.Capillary Pull 8
D.Hanging Drops and Fibers 10
E.Capillary Rise 11
F.Liquid Jets 14
G.Floating Sheet 15
H.Drop Weight 16
I.Oscillating Drops 18
J Ripples 19
K.Rupture of the Surface.“Tensiometer” 20
L.Maximum Bubble Pressure 21
Rate of Capillary Rise 23
Cap？llary Attraction 34
Drop Size.Spraying 39
Bubble Size 44
Bubbling Pressure and Pore Size 47
Surface Tension Values 48
Surface Tension and Temperature.Surface Tension and Other Properties 52
Surface Tension and Chemical Composition 57
Thermodynamics of Surface Tens？on.Surface Tension and Vapor Pressure 60
Electric,Magnetic,and Light Effects on Surface Tension 63
Surface Tension of Solutions 64
Surface Tension of Ternary Mixtures 76
Unimolecular F？lms or Monolayers 78
Retardation of Evaporation by Unimolecular Films 83
Surface Viscosity 84
Drops Floating Above a Surface 86
Movements in a Liquid Surface 89
Gibbs Adsorption Equat？on,Chemical Equ？l？br？um at Interfaces 90
The Structure of Surfaces 94
Foam Films and Foam Bubbles 98
Foam,Froth,Lather 100
Utilization of Foam 107
Foam Prevention 113
Liquid Aerosols,M？st,Fog 116
Utilization of Mists 123
Dissipation of Fogs 124
References 128
Ⅱ.Liquid-Liquid 136
Interfacial Tension 136
Values of Interfacial Tension 136
Interracial Tension in Multicomponent Systems 141
Liquid Lenses and Spreading of Liquids over Liquids 146
Films at Interfaces 153
Emulsions 155
Preparation of Emulsions 158
Stability of Emulsions 163
Inversion of Emulsions 166
Utilization of Emulsions 168
Breaking of Emulsions 171
References 173
Ⅲ.Solid-Gas 177
Surface Energy of Solids 177
Surface Cleanness 179
Surface Roughness 181
Methods for Determining Surface Roughness 183
Data on Surface Roughness 193
Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Solid Surfaces 195
Adsorption of Gases and Vapors 197
The Adsorption Isotherm 200
The Adsorption Isobar 207
The Adsorption Isostere 209
Adsorption Hysteresis 209
The Heat of Adsorption 212
The Nature of the Adsorbent 215
The Surface Area of the Adsorbent 220
A.Geometrical Determination 220
B.Permeability Method 220
C.Heat Conductance Method 221
D.Gas Adsorption Method 221
E.Heat of Wetting Method 224
Adsorption of Gas Mixtures 225
The Rate of Adsorption 228
Migration in the Adsorption Layer 235
A.Rate of Crystal Growth 235
B.Diffusion Through a Porous Adsorbent 236
C.Radioactive Tracers 236
D.Electron Emission 237
Utilization of the Adsorption of Gases and Vapors 238
Corrosion by Gases 240
Dust and Smoke 245
Determination of Particle Size 249
A.Sieving 249
B.Air Permeability 250
C.Separation and Measurement of Single Particles 250
D Electrostatic Determination 250
Utilization and Precipitation of Dust and Smoke 251
References 257
Ⅳ.Solid-Liquid 263
Interracial Energy 263
Stagnant Layers at Sohd-Liquid Interfaces 265
Heat Transfer 269
Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Sohd Surfaces 271
Surface Roughness of Electrodes 279
Th？n Metal Films Condensed from Vapor 281
Adsorption of Liquids Heat of Wetting 284
Adsorption from Solutions 287
The Isotherm of Apparent Adsorption 289
The Temperature Coefficient of Adsorption 294
The Nature of the Adsorbent 295
The Rate of Adsorption 299
Adsorption on Crystal Faces 305
The Absolute Magnitude of Adsorption.The Surface Area of Adsorbent 309
A.Adsorption Method 311
B.Rad？oactive Exchange Method 313
C.Other Methods 315
The Importance of Adsorption 317
Utilization of Adsorption for Removing Unwanted Constituents 320
Utilization of Adsorption for Recovering Valuable Constituents 322
Corrosion by Liquids 325
Suspensions 328
References 335
Ⅴ.Solid-Liquid-Gas.Solid-Liquid-Liquid 340
The Contact Angle 340
A Direct Measurement 343
B.Computation from the Drop Size 343
C.Level Surface Method 344
Reproducibility of Contact Angle Values 345
The Hysteresis of the Contact Angle 348
Contact Angles and Surface Roughness 352
Numerical Values for Contact Angles 354
Contact Anglesin Sohd-Liquid-Liquid Systems 357
Imbibition and Wetting 359
Importance and Utihzation of Wetting 362
Solid Particles in Liquid Surfaces 371
Comm？nuti？on and Surface Energy 378
Adhesion 382
Friction and Lubrication 388
References 395
Ⅵ.Electric Surface Phenomena 399
Static Electricity 399
Conductance of Solid-Gas Interfaces 400
Prevention of Static Electricity 403
Balloelectricity 403
Electrokinetic Phenomena 405
Electrokinetic Measurements 406
The Theory of Electrokinetic Phenomena 412
Surface Conductance.Electroviscous Effect 418
Effect of the Composition of the Liquid Phase on Electrokinetic Phenomena 419
Effect of the Solid on Electrokinetic Phenomena 425
The Electric Double Layer 428
Mutual Repulsion of Electric Double Layers 433
Utilization of Electrokinetic Phenomena 433
Electrodialysis 437
Electrocapillarity 441
The Capacity of the Double Layer 450
Secondary Electrocapillary Effects 452
References 460
Author Index 464
Subject Index 480