Preface 1
Roadmap to the Book 1
Acknowledgments 1
Chapter 1 Essential Networking Concepts 1
1.1 Layers 1
1.2 Service Models 7
1.3 Important Properties of a Network 9
1.4 Reliable Data Transfer Protocols 12
Chapter 2 Data Link Layer Lssues 19
2.1 Generic LANs 19
2.2 IEEE 802 LANs 22
2.3 Names, Addresses, Routes 23
2.4 LAN Addresses 25
2.5 Multicast versus Unicast Addresses 27
2.6 The Broadcast Address 28
2.7 Multiplexing Field 29
2.8 Bit Order 32
2.9 Logical Link Control 34
2.10 Issues in 802.3 35
2.11 Issues in 802.5 38
2.12 Packet Bursts 40
2.13 Reasons for Bridges 40
2.14 Point-to-Point Links 41
Chapter 3 Transparent Bridges 45
3.1 The No-Frills Bridge 45
3.2 The Learning Bridge 47
3.3 Spanning Tree Algorithm 58
3.4 Spanning Tree Algorithm Refinements 63
3.5 Bridge Message Formats 77
3.6 Other Bridge Issues 79
3.7 Remote Bridges 87
Chapter 4 Source Routing Bridges 95
4.1 Pure Source Routing 96
4.2 SR-TB Bridges 104
4.3 SRT Bridges 108
4.4 End-system Algorithms 109
4.5 Source Routing versus Transparent Bridging 116
4.6 Ideas for Improving Source Route Bridging 119
Chapter 5 Hubs, Switches, Virtual LANs, and Fast Ethernet 127
5.1 Hubs 127
5.2 Faster LANs 132
5.3 Virtual LANs(VLANs) 134
Chapter 6 Network Interface: Service Models 145
6.1 What Is the Network Layer? 145
6.2 Network Service Types 146
Chapter 7 Connection-oriented Nets: X.25 and ATM 153
7.1 Generic Connection-oriented Network 153
7.2 X.25: Reliable Connection-oriented Service 155
7.3 Implementing X.25 Inside the Net 167
7.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 168
8.1 Data Transfer 179
Chapter 8 Generic Connectionless Service 179
8.2 Addresses 180
8.3 Hop Count 180
8.4 Service Class Information 181
8.5 Network Feedback 183
8.6 Fragmentation and Reassembly 183
8.7 Maximum Packet Size Discovery 185
Chapter 9 Network Layer Addresses 189
9.1 Hierarchical Addresses with Fixed Boundaries 190
9.2 Hierarchical Addresses with Flexible Boundaries 192
9.3 Owning versus Renting Addresses 193
9.4 Types of Addresses 194
9.5 IP 194
9.6 IPX 199
9.7 IPX+ 203
9.8 IPv6 204
9.9 CLNP Network Layer Addresses 211
Chapter 10 Connectionless Data Packet Formats 211
9.10 AppleTalk Network Layer Addresses 215
9.11 DECnet Phases III and IV 216
9.12 NAR/NAPT 218
10.1 Pieces of a Connectionless Network Layer 221
10.2 Data Packets 222
10.3 Summary of Packet Formats for Easy Reference 222
10.4 Technical Issues and Comparisons in Data Packet Formats 230
10.5 Source Routing 250
10.6 The Great IPX Frame Format Mystery 253
10.7 Error Reports and Other Network Feedback to the Endnode 256
Chapter 11 Neighbor Greeting and Autoconfiguration 265
11.1 Endnodes Attached via Point-to-Point Links 266
11.2 Endnodes Attached via LANs 267
11.3 Endnodes Attached via Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Media 284
11.4 Finding Things 293
Chapter 12 Routing Algorithm Concepts 299
12.1 Distance Vector Routing 299
12.2 Link State Routing 307
12.3 Comparison of Link State and Distance Vector Routing 320
12.4 Load Splitting 325
12.5 Link Costs 326
12.6 Migrating Routing Algorithms 328
12.7 LANs 331
12.8 Types of Service 334
12.9 Partition Repair: Level 1 Subnetwork Partition 341
Chapter 13 Fast Packet Forwarding 347
13.1 Using an Additional Header 347
13.2 Address Prefix Matching 348
13.3 Longest Prefix Match with Trie 350
13.4 Binary Search 361
Chapter 14 Specific Routing Protocols 367
14.1 A Brief History of Intradomain Routing Protocols 367
14.2 RIP 369
14.3 RIMP, IPX-RIP, and DECnet 372
14.4 IS-IS, OSPF, NLSP, and PNNI 373
14.5 Interdomain Routing Protocols 425
Chapter 15 WAN Multicast 449
15.1 Introduction 449
15.2 Multicast in IP 453
Chapter 16 Sabotage-proof Routing 479
16.1 The Problem 480
16.2 All You Need to Know about Cryptography 480
16.3 Overview of the Approach 482
16.4 Detailed Description of the Approach 484
16.5 Summary 491
16.6 For Further Reading 491
Chapter 17 To Route, Bridge, or Switch: Is That the Question? 493
17.1 Switches 493
17.2 Bridges versus Routers 493
17.3 Extensions to Bridges 496
17.4 Extensions to Routers 498
18.1 Simplicity versus Fiexibility versus Optimality 503
Chapter 18 Protocol Design Folklore 503
18.2 Knowing the Problem You re Trying to Solve 505
18.3 Overhead and Scaling 506
18.4 Operation Above Capacity 506
18.5 Compact IDs Versus Object Identifiers 507
18.6 Optimizing for the Most Common or Important Case 507
18.7 Forward Compatibility 508
18.8 Migration: Routing Algorithms and Addressing 513
18.9 Parameters 514
18.10 Making Multiprotocol Operation Possible 517
18.11 Running over Layer 3 versus Layer 2 518
18.12 Robustness 519
18.13 Determinism versus Stability 520
18.14 Performance for Correctness 521
18.15 In Closing 521
Glossary 523
Index 533