PART 1 THE CONTEMPORARY INTERNET 1
Chapter 1 Evolution of the Interent 3
Origins of the Interent 3
The Internet Today 6
NSFNET Solicitations 7
Network Access Points 8
Route Arbiter Project 13
The very high-speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS) 17
Moving the Regional Providers 19
NSF Solicits NIS Managers 20
Other Internet Registries 29
Internetworking Routing Registries (IRR) 30
Looking Ahead 31
Frequently Asked Questions 33
References 34
Chapter 2 ISP Services and Characteristics 37
ISP Services 38
ISP Pricing and Technical Characteristics 39
Looking Ahead 48
Frequently Asked Questions 49
Chapter 3 Handing Ip Address Depletion 53
Overview of Ipv4 Addressing 54
Basic Addressing 54
IP Address Space Depletion 60
Looking Ahead 82
Frequently Asked Questions 83
References 85
PART 2 ROUTING PROTOCOL BASICS 87
Chapter 4 Interdomain Routing Basics 89
Overview of Routers and Routing 89
Segregating the World into Administrations 95
Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 101
UPDATE Message and Routing Information 113
Looking Ahead 119
Frequently Asked Questions 120
References 122
Chapter 5 Tuning BGP Capabilities 125
Building Peer Sessions 125
Sources of Routing Updates 132
Overlapping Protocols: Backdoors 140
The Routing Process Simplified 141
Controlling BGP Routes 147
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation 169
BGP4 Aggregation 180
Looking Ahead 186
Frequently Asked Questions 187
References 190
PART 3 EFFECTIVE INTERNET ROUTING DESIGNS 191
Chapter 6 Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing 193
Redundancy 194
Symmetry 201
Load Balancing 201
Specific Scenarios: Designing Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing 203
Looking Ahead 228
Frequently Asked Questions 229
Chapter 7 Controlling Routing Inside the Autonomous System 233
Interaction of Non-BGP Routers with BGP Routers 233
BGP Policies Conflicting with Internal Defaults 236
Policy Routing 244
Looking Ahead 248
Frequently Asked Questions 249
Chapter 8 Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems 253
Route Reflectors 253
Confederations 263
Controlling IGP Expansion 267
Virtual Private Networks with Route Reflectors 275
Looking Ahead 277
Frequently Asked Questions 279
References 280
Chapter 9 Designing Stable Internets 283
Route Instabilities on the Internet 283
BGP Stability Features 288
Looking Ahead 294
Frequently Asked Questions 295
PART 4 INTERNET ROUTING DEVICE CONFIGURATION 297
Chapter 10 Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes 299
Building Peering Sessions 300
Route Filtering and Attribute Manipulation 306
Peer Groups 312
Sources of Routing Updates 315
Overlapping Protocols: (Backdoors) 324
BGP Attributes 326
BGP4 Aggregation 342
Looking Ahead 365
Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing 367
Chapter 11 Configuring Effective Internet Routing Policies 367
Following Defaults Inside an AS 399
Policy Routing 418
Route Reflectors 422
Confederations 426
Controlling Route and Cache Invalidation 433
Route Dampening 437
Looking Ahead 442
Appendix A RIPE-181 443
RIPE Objects 443
Setting Policies in the AS Object 449
Finding Information in the Database 460
Index 460