Part One 第一部分 1
1．Basic Sentence Patterns 基本句型 1
Pattern 1:S V Cs 主语 谓语动词 主语补语Pattern 2:S V 主语 谓语动词Pattern 3:S V O 主语 谓语动词 宾语Pattern 4:S V Oi Od 主语 谓语动词 问接宾语直接宾语Pattern 5:S V Od Co 主语 谓语动词 直接宾语宾语补语Exercise 练习 1
Contents 目录 1
2．Subject 主语表示法 3
2.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 3
2.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 3
2.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 3
2.5 -ing form -ing 形式 4
2.6 Noun clause 名词从句 4
2.1 Noun or pronoun 名词或代词 4
2.4 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语 4
2.2 Numeral 数词 4
Exercise 练习 5
3．Predicate Verb 谓语动词表示法 5
主语补语／表语表示法 6
4．Subject Complement(or Predicative） 6
Exercise 练习 6
3.2 Intransitive verb 不及物动词 6
3.1 Transitive verb 及物动词 6
3.3 Link verb 连系动词 6
4.5 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语 7
4.8 Noun clause 名词从句 7
4.6 -ing form -ing 形式 7
4.7 -ed participle -ed 分词 7
4.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语 7
4.3 Adverb 副词 7
4.2 Adjective 形容词 7
4.1 Noun or pronoun 名词或代词 7
Exercise 练习 8
5． Object 宾语表示法 8
5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 8
5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 8
5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 8
5.3 The+adjective/-ed participle The＋形容词／-ed分词 8
5.7.1 Verbs with indirect object 动词带间接宾语 9
5.7.2 Position of direct and indirect object 9
5.7 Direct and indirect object 直接与间接宾语 9
Pattern: S V Oi Od 主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语or: S V Od to(for,of）Oi或：主语 动词直接宾语to(for,of）间接宾语Exercise 练习 9
5.2 Numeral 数词 9
5.6 Noun clause 名词从句 9
5.5 -ing form -ing 形式 9
5.4 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语 9
5.1 Noun or pronoun 名词或代词 9
直接与间接宾语的位置 10
6．Object Complement 宾语补语表示法 10
6.1 Noun 名词 11
6.2 Adjective 形容词 11
6.3 Adverb 副词 11
6.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语 12
6.5 Infinitive phrase 不定式短语 12
6.6 -ing form -ing 形式 12
6.7 -ed participle -ed 分词 12
1.1 Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数名词 15
1.1 Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数名词 15
1.1 Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数名词 15
1．Noun 名词 15
Part Two 第二部分 15
Exercise 2 练习二 15
Exercise 1 练习一 15
1.1.1 Countable 可数名词 16
1.1.2 Uncountable 不可数名词 16
1.1.3 Conversion of uncountable into couritable不可数变为可数名词 16
Exercise 练习 19
1.1.4 Collective noun 集体名词 19
Exercise 练习 20
1.2 Plural 名词复数 20
1.2.1 Nouns ending in o,y,or f(e) 20
以o,y或f(e)为结尾的名词 20
1.2.2 Words of Greek or Latin origin 21
来源于希腊语或拉丁语的词 21
1.2.3 Compound nouns 复合名词 22
1.3 Unit noun 单位名词 23
Exercise 练习 23
Exercise 练习 24
1.4 Genitive 属格 24
1.4.1 Two forms of genitive 两种属格 25
1.4.1.1 -s genitive -s 属格 25
1.4.1.2 of-genitive of- 属格 25
1.4.2 Double genitive 双重属格 25
Exercise 练习 27
2．Pronoun 代词 27
2.1 Personal pronoun 人称代词 28
2.2 Possessive pronoun 物主代词 29
2.3 Reflexive pronoun 反身代词 29
2.4 Interrogative pronoun 疑问代词 30
Exercise 练习 31
2.5 Indefinite pronoun 不定代词 31
Exercise 练习 32
3.Determiner 限定词 32
3.1.1 The indefinite article 不定冠词 35
3.1 Definite,indefinite,zero articles 35
定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词 35
3.1.2 The definite article 定冠词 37
3.1.3 Zero article 零冠词 38
Exercise 练习 40
3.2 Determiners: some,any,no 40
限定词some,any,no 40
Exercise 练习 42
3.3 Determiners: another,other 42
限定词another,other 42
Exercise 练习 43
3.4 Determiners: both,all,each,every,either,neither,etc.限定词：both,all,each,every,either,neither,等 43
Exercise 练习 47
4．Verb 动词 47
4.1 Tense 时态 47
4.1.1 Simple present and present progressive一般现在时和现在进行时 47
4.1.2 SimPle past and past progressive 49
一般过去时和过去进行时 49
Exercise 练习 49
Exercise 练习 51
4.1.3 Simple past and present perfect 51
一般过去时和现在完成时 51
Exercise 练习 53
4.1.4 Present perfect and present perfect progressive现在完成时和现在完成进行时 53
Exercise 练习 54
4.1.5 Simple past and past perfect 54
一般过去时和过去完成时 54
4.1.6.1 Methods of expressing the future 56
将来时的表达方法 56
Exercise 练习 56
4.1.6 Future 将来时 56
Exercise 练习 59
4.1.6.2 Future progressive 将来进行时 59
4.1.6.3 Future perfect 将来完成时 60
4.1.6.4 Future in the past 过去将来时 61
各种时态的被动语态 63
4.2.1 Passive voice in different tenses 63
4.2 Passive voice 被动语态 63
Exercise 练习 63
Exercise 练习 65
4.2.2 Passive forms of verb phrases 65
短语动词的被动语态 65
Exercise 1 练习一 67
Exercise 2 练习二 67
4.2.3 Get-passive 含Get的被动结构 67
4.2.4 Certain passive verbs followed by theinfinitive cons truction某些动词的被动形式后加不定式结构 69
Exe rcise 练习 69
Exercise 1 练习一 71
Exercise 2 练习二 71
4.2.5 Od and Oi,Oc in passive sentences 71
含有直接宾语、间接宾语或宾语补语的句子 71
变成被动句 71
4.2.5.1 Conversion of sentences with Od and Oiinto passive 含有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子变成被动句 71
4.2.5.2 Conversion of sentences with Oc into pas-sive 含有宾语补语的句子变成被动句 72
4.3.1 If only,as if/as though 74
4.3 The subjunctive mood 虚拟语气 74
Exercise 练习 74
4.3.2 Wish 75
Exercise 练习 76
4.3.3 In that-clause 在that从句中 76
a）demand,insist, propose,request,etc.b）It+be+suggested/important…c）My suggestion/demand is…Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二 76
4.3.4 In some fixed constructions 78
a）demand,insist, propose,request,etc.b）It+be+suggested/important…c）My suggestion/demand is…Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二在某些惯用结构中 78
4.4.1 May,might 81
4.4.1.2 Might for request Might 表示请求 81
4.4.1.1 May/might for permission and possibilityMay/might 表示允许、可能性 81
b）would rather/sooner that… 81
4.4 Modal verb 情态动词 81
a）It is(high/about)time that… 81
Exercise 练习 83
4.4.2 Can,could 83
4.4.2.1 Can/could for permission and possibilityCan/could 表示允许、可能性 83
could/was(were)able 表示能力 85
able.for ability Can/is(am,are)able, 85
4.4.2.2 Can/is(am,are)able,could/was(were) 85
Exercise 1 练习一 88
Exercise 2 练习二 88
4.4.2.3 Can t/couldn t for negative deductionCan t/couldn t 在否定句中表示不可能 88
4.4.3 Must,must not 89
4.4.4 Need,need not 91
4.4.5 Ought to 95
Exercise 3 练习三 95
Exercise 2 练习二 95
Exercise 1 练习一 95
4.4.6 Will,would 96
4.4.7 Dare 98
Exercise 1 练习一 102
Exercise 2 练习二 102
Exercise 3 练习三 102
Exercise 4 练习四 102
4.4.8 Modal verbs with progressive,perfect andperfect progressive tenses 情态动词与进行时、完成时和完成进行时的动词连用 102
5.1.1 After how,when,where,etc. 108
5.1 Infinitive 动词不定式…………………………（108 ） 108
5.1 Infinitive 动词不定式…………………………（108 ）How,when,where 等之后的不定式 108
Exercise 1 练习一 108
5．Verbal 非谓语动词 108
Exercise 2 练习二 108
Exercise 练习 110
5.1.2 As object or object complement 110
作宾语或宾语补语的不定式 110
Exe rcise 练习 111
5.1.3 Without to 不带 to 的不定式 111
Exercise 练习 113
5.1.4 Other uses of infinitive 113
动词不定式的其他用法 113
5.1.4.1 After only,too,enough and so…as only,too,enough 和 so…as 之后的不定式 113
Exercise 练习 115
5.1.4.2 After the first,the last,the only,etc.the first,the last,the only,等之后的不定式 115
Exercise 练习 117
5.1.4.3 After it is+adjective/noun 117
it is＋形容词／名词＋不定式 117
5.1.4.4 After it is+adjective+of you/him,etc.it is＋形容词＋of you/him＋不定式 118
Exercise 练习 119
5.1.4.5 After adjectives 形容词之后的不定式 119
Exercise 练习 121
5.1.5 Passive infinitive,perfect infinitive andprogressive infinitive动词不定式的被动式、完成式、进行式 121
Exercise 练习 123
5.2 -ing form 动词的-ing 形式 123
5.2.1 -ing form after certain verbs 123
某些动词后的-ing形式 123
Exercise 练习 125
5.2.2 Verbs followed by either-ing form or 125
infinitive 某些动词后面可跟 -ing 形式 125
或不定式 125
Exercise 练习 128
5.2.3 Possessives with -ing form 128
物主代词＋-ing形式 128
5.2.4 As pre-/post-modifier 130
作前置或后置修饰语的-ing 形式 130
Exercise 练习 130
Exercise 练习 131
5.2.5 As adverb clause equivalent 131
相当于状语从句的-ing 形式 131
Exercise 练习 133
5.2.6 Dangling-ing form as adverb clause equiva-lent 相当于状语从句的无依着的-ing 形式 133
Exercise 练习 135
5.2.7 When/While+ -ing form as adverb clauseequivalent 相当于状语从句的 When/While+-ing 形式 135
Having+ -ed participle Having+ -ed 分词Having been+-ed participle as adverb ornoun equivalent 相当于副词或名词的Having been+-ed 分词 137
Exercise 练习 137
5.2.8 Being+ -ed participle Being+ -ed 分词 137
Exercise 1 练习一 141
Exercise 2 练习二 141
5.2.9 Noun+ -ing form as adverb clause equiv-alent 相当于状语从句的名词+-ing形式 141
Exercise 练习 143
5.3 -ed participle -ed 分词 143
5.3.1 -ed participle as modifier in noun phrases-ed 分词在名词短语中作修饰语 143
5.3.2 -ed participle as adverb clause equivalent相当于状语从句的-ed 分词 145
Exercise 练习 145
Exercise 练习 147
5.3.3 Noun+ -ed participle as adverb clause equiv-alent 相当于状语从句的名词＋ -ed 分词 147
Exercise 练习 149
6．Phrasal Verb 短语动词 149
6.1 Verb+preposition 动词＋介词 149
Exercise 2 练习二 157
6.2 Verb+adverb 动词＋副词 157
Exercise 1 练习一 157
come across,touch upon,etc. 157
answer back,give in,etc. 163
Exercise 1 练习一 163
Exercise 2 练习二 163
6.3 Verb+noun+adverb 动词＋名词＋副词 163
bring sb up,put sth on,etc. 169
Exercise 1 练习一 169
Exercise 2 练习二 169
6.4 Verb+adverb+preposition 动词＋副词＋介词beup to,run out of,etc 169
7.1.1 Intervening phrases 主语带后置修饰语 174
7.1 Subject and verb 主谓一致 174
Exerci se 1 练习一 174
7．Agreement 一致关系 174
Exercise 2 练习二 174
7.1.2 Pronouns as subjects 代词作主语 175
a）each,either,neither,one,no one, 176
everyone,etc. 176
b）several,few,both,many,etc. 176
c）some,none,all,most,etc 176
Subjects joined by and,or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,etc. 由 and,or,either…or,neither…nor 等连接的主语 178
7.1.3 Compound subjects 并列主语 178
Exercise 练习 178
7.1.4 Collective nouns as subjects 集体名词作主语crowd,family,team,orchestra,etc 179
Exercise 练习 181
7.1.5 Expressions stating amount,money,time,measurement,etc,as subjects 表示数量、货币、时间、尺寸等的词作主语 181
7.1.6 Other problems in subject-verb agreement主谓一致的其他问题 182
a）The title of a book or the name of acountry,ctc.b）measles,economics,etc.c）every +n,many a +n,a great many(+n),etc.d）one of those,one out of five,etc.e）the number of +n,a number of +n,etc.f）more than one +n．is/are,there are/ismo 185
Exercise 练习 187
7.2 Pronoun and antecedent 代词与先行词的一致 187
8.1.1 Adjective+preposition 形容词＋介词 189
8.1 Adjective 形容词 189
Exercise 练习 189
8．Adjective and Adverb 形容词与副词 189
Exercise 练习 190
8.1.2 Adjective used predicatively only 仅作表语用的形容词alike,alone,asleep,etc 190
Exercise 练习 192
8.1.3 -ing form as adjective 作形容词用的 192
-ing 形式 192
Exercise 练习 193
8.1.4 -ed participle as adjective 作形容词用的-ed 分词 193
Exercise 练习 194
8.1.5 be+adjective+infinitive be＋形容词＋不定式be+adjective+that clause be＋形容词＋that从句 194
Exercise 练习 196
8.1.6 Position of adjective 形容词的位置 196
Exercise 练习 198
8.1.7 Adjective modifiers 形容词修饰语 198
8.2.1 Adverbs with or without -ly 带 -ly 或不带-ly 的副词 200
8.2 Adverb 副词 200
Exercise 练习 200
hard,hardly;most,mostly,etc. 202
Exercise 练习 202
8.2.2 Position of adverbs 副词的位置 202
Exercise 练习 204
8.2.3 Meaning and use of certainadverbs 204
某些副词的意义和用法 204
fairly,rather,hardly,barely,scarcely,etc.Exercise 练习 204
8.2.4 Adverb modifiers 副词修饰语 208
Exercise 练习 209
9.Preposition 介词 209
9.1 Meaning of certain prepositions 209
某些介词的意义 209
at,in;in,into;from,since;for,since;during,for;in,after;in,within;except,except for;off,away,etc.Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二 209
9.2 Double preposition 双重介词 216
Exercise 练习 217
9.3 Prepositional phrase as adjective,adverb,orthat clause equivalent 相当于形容词、副词或定语从句、状语从句的介词短语 217
9.4 Noun+preposition 名词＋介词 219
Exercise 练习 219
Exercise 练习 222
9.5 Verb+noun+preposition 动词＋名词＋介词 222
comparison with,influence on,etc. 222
lay emphasis on,take advantage of,etc. 223
9.6 Verb+noun+adverb+preposition 223
动词＋名词＋副词＋介词 223
Exercise 练习 225
9.7 With+noun+infinitive With＋名词＋不定式 225
put the shortage down to,etc. 225
With+noun+-ing form 227
With＋名词＋-ing 形式 227
With+noun+-ed participle 227
With＋名词＋-ed分词 227
With+noun+prepositional phrase 227
With＋名词＋介词短语 227
With+noun+adjective With＋名词＋形容词With+noun+adverb With＋名词＋副词Exercise 练习10．Numeral 数词 227
10.1 Fraction 分数 227
10.2 Decimal 小数 229
10.3 Percentage 百分数 230
Exercise 练习 230
10.4 Multiple 倍数 231
a）n times+noun/pronoun n倍＋名词／代词b）n times+as+adjective/adverbn倍＋as＋形容词／副词c）n times+comparative+(than)n倍＋比较级＋(than)d）Verb+(by)n times 动词＋(by）n 倍Exercise 练习 231
11．Noun Clause 名词从句 233
11.1 Noun clause as subject,object and subjectcomplement 名词从句作主语、宾语和主语补语 233
Exercise 2 练习二 236
11.2 Omission of that that 的省略 236
Exercise 1 练习一 236
what,whatever,whoever,etc. 236
Exercise 练习 239
11.3 Noun clause as appositive 239
名词从句作同位语 239
Exercise 练习 240
12．Direct and indirect Speech 240
直接引语和间接引语 240
12.1 Statement in indirect speech 240
陈述句的间接引语 240
疑问句的间接引语 244
Exercise 练习 244
12.2 Question in indirect speech 244
Exercise 练习 245
12.3 Command,request and advice in indirect speech命令、请求、劝告的间接引语 245
Exercise 练习 247
12.4 Exclamation in indirect speech 247
感叹句的间接引语 247
Exercise 练习 249
12.5 Mixed types of sentences in indirect speech各类句子混杂使用时的间接引语 249
13.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive 251
限制性和非限制性的形容词从句 251
Exercise 练习 251
形容词从句／定语从句 251
13．Adjective/Relative/Attributive Clause 251
Exercise 练习 252
13.2 that,which,who,whom,whose;when, 252
where,why,etc 252
that,which 的省略 256
13.3 Omission of that,which 256
Exercise 1 练习一 256
Exercise 2 练习二 256
Exercise 练习 258
13.4 Adjective clause reduced to phrase 258
形容词从句变成短语 258
13.4.1 Infinitive 不定式短语代替形容词从句 258
Exercise 练习 259
13.4.2 -ing form -ing形式短语代替形容词从句 259
13.4.3 -ed participle -ed分词短语代替形容词从句 261
Exercise 练习 261
Exercise 练习 262
13.4.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语代替形容词从句 262
Exercise 练习 263
13.5 Preposition+which/whom//whose 263
介词＋which/whom//whose 263
13.5.1 Noun+preposition+which/whom 名词＋ 263
介词＋which/whom 等引导的形容词从句 263
13.5.2 Pronoun+preposition+whom/which 代词＋介词＋whom/whom 等引导形容词从句 264
13.6 With a whole main clause as antecedent以主句作先行词的形容词从句 267
Exercise 1 练习一 267
Exercise 2 练习二 267
Exercise 练习 268
14．Adverb/Adverbial Clause 268
副词从句／状语从句 268
14.1 Clauses of time and place 时间、地点从句 268
time,ever since,no sooner…than,etc.d）where,wherever;whenever,etc.Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二 268
a）when,while,as,etc. 272
b）until,not until,etc. 272
c）once,as soon as,the moment,every 272
1 4.2 Clauses of cause,purpose,and result 272
time,ever since,no sooner…than,etc.d）where,wherever;whenever,etc.Exercise 1 练习一Exercise 2 练习二原因、目的、结果从句 272
b）now that,seeing that,considering that,ete.c）so that,in order that,for fear that,etc.d）so/such…thatExercise 练习 272
a）because,as,since,etc. 274
14.3 Clauses of concession 274
b）now that,seeing that,considering that,ete.c）so that,in order that,for fear that,etc.d）so/such…thatExercise 练习让步从句 274
方式、比较从句 276
14.4 Clauses of manner and comparison 276
14.4.1 With as…as 含 as…as 的从句 276
b）no matter how/what/which,etc. 276
c）whereas,while,etc. 276
a）even if,even though,etc. 276
Exercise 练习 276
Exercise 练习 277
14.4.2 With than 含 than 的从句 277
b）no more…than,not more…than,less than,etc.Exercise 练习 277
c）not so/as…as 277
b）almost/just/nearly as…as 277
a）as,as if,as though,etc. 277
15.4 Colon 冒号 278
a）so much/a lot/more than 279
14.4.3 The+comparative…,the+comparative 279
b）no more…than,not more…than,less than,etc.Exercise 练习sentence pattern The＋比较级…the＋比较级… 句型 279
Exercise 练习 280
14.4.4 Idiomatic constructions 某些惯用结构…much of a,as much of a,less of a,etc 280
15.1.2 Unreal condition 非真实条件句 282
15.1.1 Real condition 真实条件句 282
15.1 Two kinds of conditions 两种条件句 282
15．Conditional Sentence 条件句 282
Exercise 练习 282
Exercise 1 练习一 285
Exercise 2 练习二 285
15.2 Mixed types 多种类型混杂使用的条件句 285
15.3 Of mixed time 多种时态混杂使用的条件句 286
Exercise 1 练习一 289
Exercise 2 练习二 289
15.4 Omissionof if if 的省略 289
Exercise 练习 291
15.5 It replaced by but for,provided that, 291
supposing,without,etc. 291
But for,provided that,supposing,without等代替 if 291
and,both…and,not only…but(also）,as wellas,either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,not…but,for.Exercise 练习 293
1.2 Coordinators 并列连接词 293
1．Coo rdination 并列 293
Part Three 第三部分 293
1.1 Linking together single words,phrases,clausesand sentences 连接单词、短语、从句和句子 293
Exercise 练习 293
2．Clau se with Introductory It 294
and,both…and,not only…but(also）,as wellas,either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,not…but,for.Exercise 练习带引导词 It 的从句 294
2.1 Anticipatory it as subject or object 引导词it 作主语或宾语 294
Exercise 练习 295
2.2 It in cleft-sentence 在分裂句中的 it 295
Exercise 练习 298
3．There Be There Be 结构 298
3.1 There be 298
Exercise 练习 300
3.2 There be+noun+adjective 300
There be＋名词＋形容词 300
4．As As 的用法 303
Exercise 2 练习二 303
Exercise 1 练习一 303
4.1 used as conjunction 用作连接词 303
4.1.1 of time 时间连接词 303
4.1.2 of reason 原因连接词 303
There be＋名词＋不定式 303
There be＋名词＋形容词从句 303
There be+noun+adjective clause 303
There be+noun+infinitive 303
There be＋名词＋ -ed 分词 303
There be+noun+ -ed form 303
There be＋名词＋ -ing形式 303
There be+noun+ -ing form 303
4.1.3 in comparison 比较连接词 304
4.1.4 introducing clause of manner 304
引导方式从句 304
4.1.5 introducing clause of concession 305
引导让步从句 305
Exercise 1 练习一 307
Exercise 2 练习二 307
4.2 used as relative pronoun 用作关系代词 307
4.4 used as adverb 用作副词 308
4.3 used as preposition 用作介词 308
Exercise 练习 308
Exercise 练习 308
Exercise 练习 309
4.5 As-phrase 含 as 的短语 309
Exercise 练习 311
5．Negation 否定 311
5.1 Prefix and suffix 前缀和后缀表示否定 314
Exercise 练习 315
5.2 Adverb 副词表示否定 315
Exercise 练习 318
5.3 Position of not not 的位置 318
Exercise 练习 319
5.4 Preposition 介词表示否定 319
Exercise 练习 320
5.5 Phrase 短语表示否定 320
Exercise 练习 321
5.6 Partial negation 部分否定 321
6.3 -ing form and infinitive 324
6.2 Adjective 形容词作插入语 324
-ing 形式及不定式作插入语 324
5.7 Double negation 双重否定 324
6.1 Adverb 副词作插入语 324
6． Parenthesis 插入语 324
Exercise 练习 324
Exercise 练习 324
6.4 Prepositional phrase 介词短语作插入语 325
6.5 Clause 从句作插入语 325
Exercise 1 练习一 327
Exercise 2 练习二 327
7．Inversion 倒装 327
7.1 Sentences beginning with neither,nor,so,etc.以neither,nor,so等开头的句子 327
7.2 Sentences beginning with negative adverbexpressions 以否定副词短语开头的句子 327
7.3 Sentences beginning with adverbs of positionand direction 以表示位置、方向的副词开头的句子 327
7.4 Sentences beginning with fronted predicative以表语开头的句子 328
7.5 Sentences beginning with“only+adverb”,etc.以only+adverb 等开头的句子 328
用单词或短语表示强调 329
Exercise 练习 329
8．Emphasis 强调 329
8.1 By single words or phrases 329
8.3 By inversion or repetition 330
用倒装或重复表示强调 330
8.2 By reflexive pronouns,auxiliary verb do oremphatic it 用反身代词、助动词do、强调意义的 it 来表示强调 330
Exercise 练习 331
9．Omission 省略 331
9.1 Through coordination 并列句的省略 331
Exercise 练习 332
9.2 In clauses introduced by 由下列（连接语）引导的从句的省略 332
a）when,while,once,where,if,unless, 334
though,as,etc. 334
b）whatever+noun,whether…or not,etc. 334
Exercise 练习 334
10．Separation 分隔 334
10.1 Of adjective clause from its antecedent定语从句与它的先行词分隔 334
10.2 Of-ing form or-ed participle from 335
the noun it modifies -ing 形式或 -ed分词与所修饰的名词分隔 335
10.3 Of appositive(clause)from its antecedent同位语（从句）与它的先行词分隔 336
12.1 Transformation from simple sentences intocompound and compound sentences intosimple 简单句转换为并列句以及并列句转换为简单句 337
10.4 Of prepositional phrase from adjective/noun介词短语与形容词／名词分隔 337
11．Substitution 替代 339
11.1 Nominal substitution 名词性替代 339
one/ones,the same,that(of),those(of),etc.Exercise 练习 339
Exercise 练习 339
11.2 Verbal substitution 动词性替代 342
do,does,etc. 344
Exercise 练习 344
11.3 Clausal substitution 从句的替代 344
hope so,think so,if so,etc. 347
12．Transformation of Sentences 句子转换 347
Exercise 练习 347
Exercise 1 练习一 351
Exercise 2 练习二 351
1 2.2 Transformation from simple sentences intocomplex and from complex sentences intosimple 简单句转换为复合句以及复合句转换为简单句 351
12.3 Transformation from compound sentencesinto complex and from complex sentencesinto compound 并列句转换为复合句以及复合句转换为并列句 355
Exercise 2 练习二 355
Exercise 1 练习一 355
Exercise 1 练习一 360
Exercise 2 练习二 360
13．Word Formation 构词法 360
13.1 Roots 词根 360
Exercise 练习 361
13.2 Affixation；prefixation and suffixation词缀法：前缀与后缀 361
Exercise 练习 364
13.3 Conversion；noun-verb,adjective-verb 364
转化：名词—动词；形容词—动词 364
Exercise 练习 365
13.4 Compounding: noun compounds,adjectivecompounds and verb compounds复合：复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词 365
Exercise 1 练习一 369
Exercise 2 练习二 369
14．Abbreviation 缩略法 369
14.1 Acronym 首字母缩略词 369
14.2 Clipping 缩短词 370
TV,radar,etc. 370
phone,ad,etc. 371
14.3 Blends 缩合词 371
smog,motel,etc. 372
Exercise 练习 372
15．Punctuation 标点符号 372
15.1 Full stop or Period 句号 373
15.2 Comma 逗号 373
15.3 Semicolon 分号 377
15.5 Question mark 问号 379
Exercise 1 练习一 382
Exercise 2 练习二 382
Appendixes 附录 382
I．Key to exercises 练习答案 382
Ⅱ．Bibliography 参考书目 446
Ⅲ．Grammatical terms and new words 447
语法术语和生词表 447