1.Issues and Debates in Translation Studies 3
Process and Product 3
Objectivity/Subjectivity 4
'Literal'vs'Free' 5
Formal and Dynamic Equivalence 7
Form versus Content:The Translation of Style 8
Redefinifion of Style 9
Meaning Potential 10
'Empathy'and Intent 11
The Translator's Motivation 12
Poetic Discourse:A Test Case for Translatability 13
'Laws'of Translation 15
Author-centred and Reader-centred Translating 16
Conditions of Production 20
2.Linguistics and Translators:Theory and Practice 21
The Translator at Work 21
Human and Machine Translation:Actual and Virtual Problems 22
Structure vs Meaning 25
Contrasts between Language Systems 26
Pronouns of Address:A Problem of Structural Contrast 27
Is Translation Impossible? 29
The Language-and-Mind Approach 31
Socio-cultural Context 32
Current Trends:Intentions and Understanding 33
3.Context in Translating:Register Analysis 36
Malinowski:Contexts of Situation and Culture 36
Firth:Meaning and Language Variation 37
The Notion of Register 38
Situational Description 38
User-related Variation 39
Geographical Dialects 40
Temporal Dialect 41
Social Dialect 42
Standard Dialect 42
Idiolect 43
Use-related Variation 45
Field of Discourse 48
Mode ofDiscourse 49
Tenor of Discourse 50
The Inherent Fuzziness of Registers 51
Restricted Registers 53
4.Translating and Language as Discourse 55
Beyond Register 55
The Three Dimensions of Context 57
The Pragmatic Dimension 59
Speech Acts 60
The Cooperative Principle and Gricean Maxims 62
Negotiating Meaning in Translation 64
Communicative,Pragmatic and Semiotic Interplay 65
The Semiotic Dimension 67
Inter-Semiotic Transfer 69
Generic Constraints 69
Discoursal Constraints 70
Textual Constraints 73
Pragmatics and Semiotics of Register 75
Illocutionary Structure 76
5.Translating Text as Action:The Pragmatic Dimension of Context 76
Text Acts 78
Empirical Analysis 79
Illocutionary Force in Context 82
Power and Status 86
Interpretation and Inference 92
Effectiveness and Effi-ciency in Translation 93
Relevance 95
Quality,Relevance and the Translation of Irony 97
From Pragmatics to Semiotics 101
6.Translating Texts as Signs:The Semiotic Dimension of Context 101
Semiotics-conscious Trans-lating 104
The Semiotic Entity as a Unit of Translation 105
The Sign-A Developmental History 107
De Saussure 107
Peirce 108
Barthes and Myth 111
Connotation and Denotation 112
Basic Assumptions of Semiotics 114
Semiotics in Translating-a Synthesis 116
Intertextuality:Allusion and Reference 120
7. Intertextuality and Intentionality 120
Approaches to Intertextuality 121
The Intertextual Chain 121
Active and Passive Intertextuality 123
Types of Intertextual Reference 125
Mediation 127
What Intertextuality is Not 128
Contratextuality 130
A Typology 132
Recognition and Transfer of Intertextual Reference 133
Summary 137
8.Text Type as the Translator's Focus 139
Text Act in Interaction 139
Text in Relation to Discourse and Genre 140
Standards of Textuality 144
Rhetorical Purpose 145
Dominant Contextual Focus 145
The Hybrid Nature of Texts 146
Text-type Focus 149
Macro-text Processing 150
Micro-text Processing 151
The Argumentative Text Type 153
The Expository Text Type 154
The Instructional Text Type 156
The Psychological Reality of Text Types 159
Ideology,Text Type and Translation 160
9.Prose Designs:Text Structure in Translation 165
Principles of Composition 165
How Context Influences the Structure of Texts 168
Contextual Configuration 170
Limits of Structure Modification 171
How Elements are Grouped into Sequences 173
Perceiving Boundaries between Sequences 175
Topic Shift 177
Perceiving Text as a Unit of Structure 178
Equivalence:Word Level or Text Level 180
Basic Text Designs 181
Putting Text Designs to Use in Summarising 185
Texts in Relation to Discourse 186
Limits of the Translator's Freedom 187
Issues for the Translator 190
10.Discourse Texture 192
'Form'and'Content' 192
Texture as Motivated Choice 193
Coherence as Intended Meaning 194
Standards of Textuality 195
Systems Contrasts 195
Inference 197
Recurrence and Co-reference 199
Partial Recurrence 200
Pro-forms and Ellipsis 201
Collocation 204
Junction and Inter-Propositional Coherence 205
Explicit and Implicit Relations 207
Theme and Rheme in Translation 209
Thematisation:Functional Sentence Perspective 212
Com-municative Dynamism 213
Saliency 215
Predictability and Recoverability 215
Information Systems:Giv-en-New Information 215
Shared Assumptions 216
Assumed Familiarity 217
Thematic Progression 217
Theme-Rheme in relation to Genre and Discourse 220
Texture-A Final Word 222
11.The Translator as Mediator 223
Two Kinds of Mediation 223
Reader Assumptions and Expectations 227
Selecting between Options 228
Inter-action of Signs within the Text 229
Interaction with other Texts 230
Problems of Cohesion 231
Thematic Progression 234
Conclusions-The Translator at Work 236
Glossary of Terms 239
List of Texts Quoted 245
Bibliography 247
Index 254