Chapter 1 TCP/IP Basics 1
Network Protocols 2
IP Addresses 3
IP Subnets 6
IP Routing 10
Assigning IP Addresses 11
Name Servers 11
Applications That Use TCP/IP 13
Other TCP/IP Terms 13
Related Publications 15
Chapter 2 DHCP Concepts and Overview 17
BOOTP,the Predecessor of DHCP 18
DHCP Overview 19
How Does DHCP Work? 21
How Is Configuration Information Acquired? 21
How Are Leases Renewed? 26
What Happens When a Client Moves Out of Its Subnet? 26
How Are Changes Implemented in the Network? 27
What Are BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agents? 28
IP Address Pools 28
Multiple Subnets per Pool 29
Client Identification 30
Multiple Pools per Subnet 30
MAC Address as Qualifier 31
Client ID as Qualifier 32
User Class ID as Qualifier 33
Qualification from Vendor Extensions 33
Qualification from Relay Agents 34
Multiple Qualifiers 36
Server Administration 36
Server Installation 37
Database Initialization 37
Runtime Database Manipulation 38
Administrative Access Controls 39
Remote Server Management 40
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 41
DHCP Server Availability 41
DHCP Reliability 41
Redundant DHCP Server Scenarios 42
DHCP in IPv6 47
Differences between DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 47
Summary 48
Chapter 3 Serving Names 49
What Is a Domain Name System (DNS)? 50
Why Names? 50
Domain vs.Zone of Authority 54
Differentiating Name Servers 56
Static Name Servers 56
Dynamic Name Servers 56
Primary Name Servers 56
Secondary Name Servers 57
Authoritative Name Servers 58
Parent and Child Name Servers 58
Caching-Only Name Servers 58
Master Name Servers 58
Root Name Servers 59
Forwarders 60
Firewall Name Servers 60
Record Types 60
Resolvers 62
BIND s Treatment of DNS Database Entries 65
What Is Dynamic IP? 68
Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) 69
What Does Dynamic IP Provide? 69
How Does Dynamic IP Work? 71
Configuring for Network Availability 74
Enabling Host Mobility 76
Securing Your Dynamic IP Network 77
How Dynamic Addressing Is Made Usable with DDNS 78
Chapter 4 NetBIOS Name Servers 79
Overview 80
TCP/IP for the Enterprise 81
Name Server History 82
NetBIOS/NBNS Basic Functionality 83
Service Specification 83
Design 84
NetBIOS Naming 84
Names for Applications 85
Name Database 86
Translating Names to IP Addresses 86
Distributed Database 87
Probe Mechanisms 88
Roll Call Mechanisms 89
Centralized Database 90
Role of a NetBIOS Datagram 90
NetBIOS Datagram Distributor 91
Workstation Interoperability 92
NBNS Design Criteria 92
High Performance 93
Dedicated Server 94
Standard Hardware Platform 94
High Capacity 95
Reliability 95
Fast Response Time 95
Load Balancing 96
Scalability 96
Datagram Distribution 97
Distributed Algorithms 97
Extensibility 98
Transaction Capture 98
Static Names 98
Database Validation 99
Remote Management 99
NBNS Implementations 101
Microsoft WINS 101
Network TeleSystems Shadow IPserver 103
Summary 104
Chapter 5 Dynamic IP Routing Protocols 105
Basic IP Routing 106
Routing Processes 108
Autonomous Systems 109
Routing Algorithms 109
Static Routing 110
Distance Vector Routing 111
Link-State Routing 116
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) 118
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 118
RIPng for IPv6 124
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 126
Exterior Routing Protocols 150
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 152
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4) 152
References 166
Chapter 6 Mobile IP 169
Mobile IP Overview 171
Mobile IP Operation 173
Mobile IP Registration Process 174
Tunneling 178
Broadcast Datagrams 178
Move Detection 179
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Considerations 180
Mobile IP Security Considerations 180
Mobile IP and Routers 181
Background 181
Emerging Examples Where Mobile IP Is Applicable 185
Detailed Protocol Overview 186
Other Important Issues 190
Chapter 7 Security of DHCP and Dynamic DNS 193
Security Trade-Off 194
RSA Public Key Authentication System 194
Presecured Domain 198
ProxyArec Considerations 198
ProxyArec and Option 81 201
Preventing Access to Unauthorized Devices 202
Securing Lease Allocations 202
Rogue DHCP Servers 203
Connecting to Untrusted Networks——Firewalls 203
Connecting through Untrusted Networks——VPN 205
TFTP Security 206
Chapter 8 Reliability 207
Battlefield Questions 208
Failure Events 208
Severed Connections 209
Facility Loss 209
DHCP Server Problems 210
Name Server Difficulties 210
Router Outages 210
Other Server Vulnerabilities 211
Client Failures 211
AIX and UNIX Features 212
Shadow IPserver Features 213
Chapter 9 Performance 215
Leases 216
What Is a Lease? 216
How Leases Work 216
Choosing a Lease Time 216
Monitoring and Troubleshooting 218
Multiple Leases 218
The Ping Command 219
The traceroute Command 219
The iptrace Command 220
The arp Command 221
The netstat Command 221
The host Command 222
The nslookup Command 222
Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks 223
Prerequisites for Troubleshooting 223
A Bottom-Up Approach 224
An Approach to Tuning Your Network 234
Tuning TCP/IP Networks 234
TCP/IP Tuning Parameters 235
Bandwidth Efficiency 238
Broadcast Traffic 238
RSVP 239
Communications Server 239
Chapter 10 Quality of Service 241
Why QoS? 242
Integrated Services 243
Service Classes 246
The Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 250
The Future of Integrated Services 261
Differentiated Services 263
Differentiated Services Architecture 264
Using RSVP with Differentiated Services 273
Configuration and Administration of DS Components with LDAP 275
Using Differentiated Services with IPSec 276
Internet Drafts on Differentiated Services 277
References 278
Chapter 11 IP Version 6 279
IPv6 Overview 281
The IPv6 Header Format 281
Extension Headers 285
Packet Sizes 285
IPv6 Addressing 292
Priority 298
Flow Labels 298
Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 (ICMPv6) 299
Neighbor Discovery 300
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 310
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) 311
DNS in IPv6 314
Format of IPv6 Resource Records 315
Differences between DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 318
DHCP in IPv6 318
DHCPv6 Messages 319
Mobility Support in IPv6 320
Internet Transition:Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6 320
Dual IP Stack Implementation:The IPv6/IPv4 Node 321
Tunneling 322
Header Translation 329
Interoperability Summary 329
The Drive toward IPv6 330
References 331
Chapter 12 Dynamic DNS Review 333
Product Overview 334
Cisco DNS/DHCP Manager 334
key Features and Benefits 335
Specifications 337
Hardware 337
Cisco DNS/DHCP Manager Overview 337
Simplifying DNS Management with the Cisco Domain Name Manager Server 338
Updating DNS Via the Cisco DHCP/BootP Server 341
Supporting Multiple Logical Networks on the Same Physical Network 344
Service Configuration Manager 345
Service Management 345
Supporting Servers 345
Competitive Automation s JOIN BootP.DHCP,and DDNS 346
BooTP 346
Traditional BootP 347
Dynamic Bootp 347
Finite BootP 348
BootP Service:Details 349
Server Logic 350
How JOIN Resolves a Client Configuration 351
Naming the Client 352
Dynamic Naming 352
VLSM 356
Fixed Length vs.VLSM 356
Addrmask 358
JOIN DHCP/DDNS Features 359
Platforms 360
Lucent QIP Enterprise 5.0 360
Automating IP Services Management 360
Regulate User Access with Innovative Profiling Capabilities 361
Eliminate Major Causes of Network Failure 361
Exceed Industry Standards with High-Performance Servers 361
Centralize Network Configuration and Planning 362
Lucent Advantage:QIP Enterprise 5.0 363
System Requirements 368
Bay Networks NetID 372
Benefits 372
Features 374
NetID Architecture 377
System Requirements 379
Metalnfo s Meta IP 379
Features and Benefits of Meta IP 380
Meta DHCP 382
Extending Security 383
Meta DNS 385
User-to-Address Mapping 387
Multiplatform Support 389
Meta IP Solutions 390
System Requirements 392
Appendix DHCP Options (RFC 2132) 393
A.1 Introduction 393
A.2 DHCP and BootP Options 394
A.2.1 Option 0 and 255:Pad and End 394
A.2.2 Option 1:Subnet Mask 394
A.2.5 Option 4:Time Server 395
A.2.6 Option 5:IEN 116 (Old) Name Server 395
A.2.3 Option 2:Time Offset 395
A.2.4 Option 3:Router 395
A.2.7 Option 6:Domain Name Server 396
A.2.8 Option 7:Log Server 396
A.2.9 Option 8:Cookie Server 396
A.2.10 Option 9:LPR Server 397
A.2.11 Option 10:Impress Server 397
A.2.12 Option 11:Resource Location Server 397
A.2.16 Option 15:Domain Name 398
A.2.15 Option 14:Merit Dump File 398
A.2.13 Option 12:Host Name 398
A.2.14 Option 13:Boot File Size 398
A.2.17 Option 16:Swap Server 399
A.2.18 Option 17:Root Path 399
A.2.19 Option 18:Extensions Path 399
A.2.20 Option 19:IP Forwarding Enable/Disable 400
A.2.21 Option 20:Non-Local Source Routing Enable/Disable 400
A.2.22 Option 21:Policy Filter 400
A.2.24 Option 23:Default IP Time-to-Live 401
A.2.25 Option 24:Path MTU Aging Timeout 401
A.2.23 Option 22:Maximum Datagram Reassembly Size 401
A.2.26 Option 25:Path MTU Plateau Table 402
A.2.27 Option 26:Interface MTU 402
A.2.28 Option 27:All Subnets Are Local 402
A.2.29 Option 28:Broadcast Address 403
A.2.30 Option 29:Perform Mask Discovery 403
A.2.31 Option 30:Mask Supplier 403
A.2.32 Option 31:Perform Router Discovery 403
A.2.33 Option 32:Router Solicitation Address 404
A.2.34 Option 33:Static Route 404
A.2.35 Option 34:Trailer Encapsulation 404
A.2.38 Option 37:TCP Default Time-to-Live 405
A.2.37 Option 36:Ethernet Encapsulation 405
A.2.36 Option 35:ARP Cache Timeout 405
A.2.39 Option 38:TCP Keep-Alive Interval 406
A.2.40 Option 39:TCP Keep-Alive Garbage 406
A.2.41 Option 40:Network Information Service Domain 406
A.2.42 Option 41:NIS Server 407
A.2.43 Option 42:Network Time Protocol Server 407
A.2.44 Option 43:Vendor-Specific Information 407
A.2.45 Option 44:NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server Option 408
A.2.47 Option 46:NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node Type 409
A.2.48 Option 47:NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope 409
A.2.46 Option 45:NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram Distribution Server 409
A.2.49 Option 48:X Window System Font Server Option 410
A.2.50 Option 49:X Window System Display Manager 410
A.2.51 Option 64:NIS+ Domain 410
A.2.52 Option 65:S+ Server 411
A.2.53 Option 68:Mobile IP Home Agent 411
A.2.54 Option 69:Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) Server 411
A.2.55 Option 70:Post Office Protocol (POP3) Server 412
A.2.56 Option 71:Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP) Server 412
A.2.57 Option 72:Default World Wide Web (WWW) Server 412
A.2.61 Option 76:StreetTalk Directory Assistance (STDA) Server 413
A.2.60 Option 75:StreetTalk Server 413
A.2.59 Option 74:Default Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Server 413
A.2.58 Option 73:Default Finger Server 413
A.3 DHCP-Only Options 414
A.3.1 Option 50:Requested IP Address 414
A.3.2 Option 51:IP Address Lease Time 414
A.3.3 Option 52:Option Overload 415
A.3.4 Option 53:DHCP Message Type 415
A.3.5 Option 54:Server Identifier 415
A.3.6 Option 55:Parameter Request List 416
A.3.7 Option 56:Message 416
A.3.10 Option 59:Rebinding (T2) Time Value 417
A.3.9 Option 58:Renewal (T1) Time Value 417
A.3.8 Option 57:Maximum DHCP Message Size 417
A.3.11 Option 60:Vendor Class Identifier 418
A.3.12 Option 61:Client Identifier 418
A.3.13 Option 66:TFTP Server Name 419
A.3.14 Option 67:Boot File Name 419
A.4 Unofficial DHCP Options 419
A.5 Options Supported by Popular Operating Systems 421
A.5.1 Servers 421
A.5.2 Clients 422
Index 423