PART I Warming Up 1
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Writing in English 5
WHY IS WRITING SO IMPORTANT 6
Writing Influences the Way We Think 6
Writing Contributes to the Way We Learn 8
Good Writing Leads to Success in College and Career 8
Writing Enriches Personal Growth 9
WHAT IS GOOD WRITING 11
Good Writing Is Good Thinking 11
Good Writing Involves Thoughtful Revision 13
Good Writing Is Directed Toward an Audience 14
Good Writing Achieves a Clear Purpose 17
Good Writing Expresses Ideas Clearly 18
YOUR ROAD TO SUCCESS AS A NON-NATIVE SPEAKER 19
Your Advantages as a Non-native Speaker 20
Your Disadvantages as a Non-native Speaker 22
Tips for Improving Your English 24
CHAPTER 2 The Writing Process:A Bird;s-Eye View 34
WRITING AS A SOCIAL ACT 34
Topic or Subject 36
Audience 37
Purpose and Role 42
WRITING AS A PROCESS 44
Inventing 45
Planning and Drafting 46
Revising 48
Editing and Proofreading 49
Writing as a Recursive Process 49
PART Ⅱ Strategies for Inventing,Reading,Thinking,and Researching 51
CHAPTER 3 Inventing and Planning 56
Freewriting 57
Brainstorming 61
Branching 65
Cubing 68
Questioning or Journalistic Formula 71
Which Technique Should You Use? 74
Planning and Outlining 75
CHAPTER 4 Reading with a Critical Eye 83
READING ACTIVELY 84
Previewing 85
Skimming 88
Reading 89
"On Racist Speech"Charles R.Lawrence Ⅲ 89
Annotating 92
Reading 95
"The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority"Ronald Takaki 95
COMPREHENDING CONSTRUCTIVELY 98
Outlining 99
Paraphrasing 101
Summarizing 103
RESPONDING THOUGHTFULLY 106
Exploring 106
Evaluating 108
Readings 114
"Everybody;s Children"Colin L.Powell 114
"The Doctor Won;t See You Now"James Gorman 119
"Competition Is Destructive"Alfie Kohn 121
CHAPTER 5 Thinking Critically 126
WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING 126
WRITING TO FACILITATE CRITIcAL THINKING 128
Reading 133
"In Defense of the Animals"Meg Greenfield 133
INDUCTIVE REASONING 138
What;s Inductive Reasoning 138
The More the Merrier 140
A Word of Caution 143
Reading 145
"I Want a Wife"JudyBrady 145
DEDUCTIVE REASONING 148
What Is Deductive Reasoning 148
Premises and Syllogism 151
Reading 163
"Unabomber;s Next Victim:Responsibility"George Will 163
FALLACIES 166
Equivocation 167
Circular Reasoning(Tautology) 168
Begging the Question 169
Guilt by Association 169
Overgeneralization 170
Hasty Generalization 170
Oversimplification 171
Post Hoc 172
Readings 175
"Offering Euthanasia Can Be an Act of Love"Derek Humphry 175
"The Language of Advertising Claims"Jeffrey Schrank 178
CHAPTER 6 Researching,Using,and Acknowledging Sources 187
FIELD RESEARCH 189
Observing 189
Interviewing 191
Surveying 194
LIBRARY RESEARCH 199
GeneraI References 200
Indexes,Abstracts,and Catalogs 201
Bibliographies 202
Electronic Sources 202
USING SOURCES 204
Evaluating Sources 205
Incorporating Sources in Your Own Writing 207
ACKNOWLEDGING SOURCES 213
In-text Parenthetical Citation 214
Works Cited or References List 217
PART Ⅲ Strategies for Descriptive and Narrative Writings 227
CHAPTER 7 Describing Events 233
Readings 236
"Free Falling"Scot Weckerly 236
"Unripened Light"Al Young 243
Key Features of Writings about Events 251
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 253
CHAPTER 8 Describing People 260
Readings 261
"Uncle Willie"Maya Angelou 261
"Only She"Erick Young 267
Key Features of Writings about People 274
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 275
CHAPTER 9 Writing Profiles 281
Readings 282
"Alda Hanna:32 Years of Theme Songs and Science"Annette Spahr 282
"Inside the Brain"Da vid Noonan 287
Key Features of Profile Writing 297
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 298
PART Ⅳ Strategies for Informative and Explanatory Writings 305
CHAPTER 10 Writing to Inform 310
Readings 312
"Host Families Are Needed" 312
"The Friendship Community Center:Campaign for Friendship" 315
"Dangers of Smoking"Jennifer Walters 320
Key Features of Informative Writings 324
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 325
CHAPTER 11 Writing to Explain How 330
Readings 331
"Mini Spring Rolls" 331
"In Five Easy Steps"Alison Pollet 334
"Beating the Blues,Winning the Game"Elizabeth A.Thomas 338
Key Features of Writings Explaining How 343
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 345
CHAPTER 12 Writing to Explain What 350
Readings 351
"Love:The Right Chemistry?"Anastasia Toufexis 351
"Falling Below the Norm:Mental Retardation"Robert S.Feldman 361
"AIDS" 367
Key Features of Writings Explaining What 372
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 375
PART Ⅴ Strategies for Persuasive and Argumentative Writings 381
CHAPTER 13 Writing to Argue 386
Readings 394
"Making Monsters"Phuong Pham 394
"Five Myths about Immigration"David Cole 400
"The Hard Questions:Our Bodies,Our Clones"Jean Bethke Elshtain 408
Key Features of Argumentative Writings 415
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 418
CHAPTER 14 Writing to Propose 428
Readings 434
"This Isn;t Such a Dumb Idea"Leigh Montville 434
"More Testing,More Learning"Patrick O;Malley 439
"Spam Control Proposal"Jon Davis 447
Key Features of Writing Proposals 455
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 457
CHAPTER 15 Writing to Analyze 466
Readings 468
"Saddam;s Advantage:Iraq Hopes to Score Points as Victim of U.S.Aggression"David T.Twining 468
"Why Do So Many Risk So Much For Sex?"Delia M.Rios 472
"Crack and the Box"Pete Hamill 477
Key Features of Argumentative Writing 487
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 489
CHAPTER 16 Writing to Evaluate 496
Readings 499
"Over the Hill?I Think Not!"Richard Gingrich 499
"Songe de Titanic"Frank Thompson 502
"Top Ten Best College Buys Now"Denise M.Topolnicki 512
Key Features of Argumentative Writing 519
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 522
PART Ⅵ Strategies for Other Writing Situations 529
CHAPTER 17 Writing Research Papers 533
Readings 535
"Dating,Social Avoidance and Distress"Marshall Prisbell 535
"Immunocytochemistry Deja Vu"Da vid J.Dabbs and Xiaohong Wang 542
Key Features of Research Papers 544
Now It;s Your Turn to Write 551
CHAPTER 18 Taking Essay Exams 575
Key Features of Essay Exams 576
Preparing for Essay Exams 578
Taking Essay Exams 580
Sample Essay Exam Questions and Answers 584
CHAPTER 19 Writing for Business Purposes 599
MEMOS 599
Key Features of Memos 600
Sample Memos 603
BUSINESS LETTERS 607
Key Features of Business Letters 607
Sample Business Letters(with Three Kinds of Messages) 616
REFERENCE LETTERS 623
Key Features of Reference Letters 623
CHAPTER 20 Writing for Application Purposes 631
RESUME OR CURRICULUM VITAE 632
Preparing for the Resume 632
Writing the Resume 635
Tips for Writing Winning Resumes 640
Sample Resumes 646
COVER LETTERS 658
Preparing for the Cover Letter 659
Writing the Cover Letter 662
Tips for Writing Winning Cover Letters 667
Sample Cover Letters 670
PART Ⅶ Strategies for Revising and Editing 677
CHAPTER 21 Essay Organization 682
ENGLISH AND CHINESE ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:A CONTRASTIVE VIEW 682
FIVE BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS 687
General-to-Specific/Abstract-to-Concrete 687
Specific-to-General/Concrete-to-Abstract 692
Order of Importance 694
Chronological Order 696
Spatial Order 698
Other Organizational Patterns 700
INTRODUCTION 701
Narrative 703
Descriptive 705
Preparatory 706
Corrective 708
Inquisitive 709
Other Introductions 710
THESIS STATEMENT 713
CONCLUSION 716
Restating the Main Points 716
Referring Back to the Thesis(and the Introduction) 717
Suggesting a Solution,Further Study,or Predicting an Outcome 718
Giving a Humorous Comment or Unexpected Twist 719
CHAPTER 22 Essay Development 721
DESCRIPTION 722
Naming 722
Specifying 725
Comparing 727
Appealing to the Senses 729
NARRATION 736
Ordering Narrative Action 736
Developing Narrative Action 738
Narrative Point of View 743
DEFINITION 744
Sentence Definition 745
Extended Definition 747
CLASSIFICATION 750
Choosing the Principles to Classify 753
Testing the Effectiveness 754
Explaining Each Subgroup 756
EXAMPLE 759
Relevant Examples 760
Specific Examples 761
Sufficient Examples 762
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 765
Points for Comparing and Contrasting 766
Two Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast 768
CAUSE AND EFFECT 772
Distinguishing Between Cause and Effect 773
Necessity,sufficiency,and Mill;s Methods 776
Organizing Cause and Effect 779
CHAPTER 23 Sentence Development 786
DEVELOPING MATURE SENTENCES 787
Five Basic Sentence Patterns 787
Sentence Expansion 788
Four Basic Sentence Types 793
Other Syntactical Patterns 797
Sentence Variety and Maturity 802
AvOIDING SENTENCE ERRORS 810
Fused Sentences and Comma Splice 810
Sentence Fragments 814
Subject-Verb Agreement 817
Pronoun Agreement 821
Pronoun Reference 825
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 828
Faulty Parallelism 832
CHAPTER 24 Word Choice 836
LEVELS OF DICTION 836
Formal and Informal 836
General/Abstract and Specific/Concrete 841
Denotation and Connotation 843
Wordiness and Redundancy 845
Jargon and Slang 854
Archaisms,Neologisms,and Dialects 858
Trite Expressions and Clich é 861
Euphemisms,Offensive Terms,and Sexist Language 865
FIGURES OF SPEECH 871
Simile and Metaphor 871
Overstatement(Hyperbole)and Understatement 876
Irony,Paradox,and Oxymoron 878
CHAPTER 25 Punctuation and Mechanics 882
PUNCTUATION 883
Comma [,] 883
Colon[:] and Semicolon[;] 889
Period[.],Question Mark[?],and Exclamation Point[!] 895
Quotation Marks[" "] 899
Dash,Parentheses,and Brackets 904
Slash,Hyphen,Apostrophe,and Ellipsis 909
MECHANICS 912
Capital Letters 913
Italics and Underlines 918
Abbreviations and Acronyms 921
Numbers 923
Subject,Author,and Title List 927
Acknowledgments 939
Works Cited and Consulted 942