高级英语写作指南PDF电子书下载

PART I Warming Up 1

CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Writing in English 5

WHY IS WRITING SO IMPORTANT 6

Writing Influences the Way We Think 6

Writing Contributes to the Way We Learn 8

Good Writing Leads to Success in College and Career 8

Writing Enriches Personal Growth 9

WHAT IS GOOD WRITING 11

Good Writing Is Good Thinking 11

Good Writing Involves Thoughtful Revision 13

Good Writing Is Directed Toward an Audience 14

Good Writing Achieves a Clear Purpose 17

Good Writing Expresses Ideas Clearly 18

YOUR ROAD TO SUCCESS AS A NON-NATIVE SPEAKER 19

Your Advantages as a Non-native Speaker 20

Your Disadvantages as a Non-native Speaker 22

Tips for Improving Your English 24

CHAPTER 2 The Writing Process:A Bird;s-Eye View 34

WRITING AS A SOCIAL ACT 34

Topic or Subject 36

Audience 37

Purpose and Role 42

WRITING AS A PROCESS 44

Inventing 45

Planning and Drafting 46

Revising 48

Editing and Proofreading 49

Writing as a Recursive Process 49

PART Ⅱ Strategies for Inventing,Reading,Thinking,and Researching 51

CHAPTER 3 Inventing and Planning 56

Freewriting 57

Brainstorming 61

Branching 65

Cubing 68

Questioning or Journalistic Formula 71

Which Technique Should You Use? 74

Planning and Outlining 75

CHAPTER 4 Reading with a Critical Eye 83

READING ACTIVELY 84

Previewing 85

Skimming 88

Reading 89

"On Racist Speech"Charles R.Lawrence Ⅲ 89

Annotating 92

Reading 95

"The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority"Ronald Takaki 95

COMPREHENDING CONSTRUCTIVELY 98

Outlining 99

Paraphrasing 101

Summarizing 103

RESPONDING THOUGHTFULLY 106

Exploring 106

Evaluating 108

Readings 114

"Everybody;s Children"Colin L.Powell 114

"The Doctor Won;t See You Now"James Gorman 119

"Competition Is Destructive"Alfie Kohn 121

CHAPTER 5 Thinking Critically 126

WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING 126

WRITING TO FACILITATE CRITIcAL THINKING 128

Reading 133

"In Defense of the Animals"Meg Greenfield 133

INDUCTIVE REASONING 138

What;s Inductive Reasoning 138

The More the Merrier 140

A Word of Caution 143

Reading 145

"I Want a Wife"JudyBrady 145

DEDUCTIVE REASONING 148

What Is Deductive Reasoning 148

Premises and Syllogism 151

Reading 163

"Unabomber;s Next Victim:Responsibility"George Will 163

FALLACIES 166

Equivocation 167

Circular Reasoning(Tautology) 168

Begging the Question 169

Guilt by Association 169

Overgeneralization 170

Hasty Generalization 170

Oversimplification 171

Post Hoc 172

Readings 175

"Offering Euthanasia Can Be an Act of Love"Derek Humphry 175

"The Language of Advertising Claims"Jeffrey Schrank 178

CHAPTER 6 Researching,Using,and Acknowledging Sources 187

FIELD RESEARCH 189

Observing 189

Interviewing 191

Surveying 194

LIBRARY RESEARCH 199

GeneraI References 200

Indexes,Abstracts,and Catalogs 201

Bibliographies 202

Electronic Sources 202

USING SOURCES 204

Evaluating Sources 205

Incorporating Sources in Your Own Writing 207

ACKNOWLEDGING SOURCES 213

In-text Parenthetical Citation 214

Works Cited or References List 217

PART Ⅲ Strategies for Descriptive and Narrative Writings 227

CHAPTER 7 Describing Events 233

Readings 236

"Free Falling"Scot Weckerly 236

"Unripened Light"Al Young 243

Key Features of Writings about Events 251

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 253

CHAPTER 8 Describing People 260

Readings 261

"Uncle Willie"Maya Angelou 261

"Only She"Erick Young 267

Key Features of Writings about People 274

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 275

CHAPTER 9 Writing Profiles 281

Readings 282

"Alda Hanna:32 Years of Theme Songs and Science"Annette Spahr 282

"Inside the Brain"Da vid Noonan 287

Key Features of Profile Writing 297

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 298

PART Ⅳ Strategies for Informative and Explanatory Writings 305

CHAPTER 10 Writing to Inform 310

Readings 312

"Host Families Are Needed" 312

"The Friendship Community Center:Campaign for Friendship" 315

"Dangers of Smoking"Jennifer Walters 320

Key Features of Informative Writings 324

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 325

CHAPTER 11 Writing to Explain How 330

Readings 331

"Mini Spring Rolls" 331

"In Five Easy Steps"Alison Pollet 334

"Beating the Blues,Winning the Game"Elizabeth A.Thomas 338

Key Features of Writings Explaining How 343

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 345

CHAPTER 12 Writing to Explain What 350

Readings 351

"Love:The Right Chemistry?"Anastasia Toufexis 351

"Falling Below the Norm:Mental Retardation"Robert S.Feldman 361

"AIDS" 367

Key Features of Writings Explaining What 372

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 375

PART Ⅴ Strategies for Persuasive and Argumentative Writings 381

CHAPTER 13 Writing to Argue 386

Readings 394

"Making Monsters"Phuong Pham 394

"Five Myths about Immigration"David Cole 400

"The Hard Questions:Our Bodies,Our Clones"Jean Bethke Elshtain 408

Key Features of Argumentative Writings 415

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 418

CHAPTER 14 Writing to Propose 428

Readings 434

"This Isn;t Such a Dumb Idea"Leigh Montville 434

"More Testing,More Learning"Patrick O;Malley 439

"Spam Control Proposal"Jon Davis 447

Key Features of Writing Proposals 455

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 457

CHAPTER 15 Writing to Analyze 466

Readings 468

"Saddam;s Advantage:Iraq Hopes to Score Points as Victim of U.S.Aggression"David T.Twining 468

"Why Do So Many Risk So Much For Sex?"Delia M.Rios 472

"Crack and the Box"Pete Hamill 477

Key Features of Argumentative Writing 487

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 489

CHAPTER 16 Writing to Evaluate 496

Readings 499

"Over the Hill?I Think Not!"Richard Gingrich 499

"Songe de Titanic"Frank Thompson 502

"Top Ten Best College Buys Now"Denise M.Topolnicki 512

Key Features of Argumentative Writing 519

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 522

PART Ⅵ Strategies for Other Writing Situations 529

CHAPTER 17 Writing Research Papers 533

Readings 535

"Dating,Social Avoidance and Distress"Marshall Prisbell 535

"Immunocytochemistry Deja Vu"Da vid J.Dabbs and Xiaohong Wang 542

Key Features of Research Papers 544

Now It;s Your Turn to Write 551

CHAPTER 18 Taking Essay Exams 575

Key Features of Essay Exams 576

Preparing for Essay Exams 578

Taking Essay Exams 580

Sample Essay Exam Questions and Answers 584

CHAPTER 19 Writing for Business Purposes 599

MEMOS 599

Key Features of Memos 600

Sample Memos 603

BUSINESS LETTERS 607

Key Features of Business Letters 607

Sample Business Letters(with Three Kinds of Messages) 616

REFERENCE LETTERS 623

Key Features of Reference Letters 623

CHAPTER 20 Writing for Application Purposes 631

RESUME OR CURRICULUM VITAE 632

Preparing for the Resume 632

Writing the Resume 635

Tips for Writing Winning Resumes 640

Sample Resumes 646

COVER LETTERS 658

Preparing for the Cover Letter 659

Writing the Cover Letter 662

Tips for Writing Winning Cover Letters 667

Sample Cover Letters 670

PART Ⅶ Strategies for Revising and Editing 677

CHAPTER 21 Essay Organization 682

ENGLISH AND CHINESE ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS:A CONTRASTIVE VIEW 682

FIVE BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS 687

General-to-Specific/Abstract-to-Concrete 687

Specific-to-General/Concrete-to-Abstract 692

Order of Importance 694

Chronological Order 696

Spatial Order 698

Other Organizational Patterns 700

INTRODUCTION 701

Narrative 703

Descriptive 705

Preparatory 706

Corrective 708

Inquisitive 709

Other Introductions 710

THESIS STATEMENT 713

CONCLUSION 716

Restating the Main Points 716

Referring Back to the Thesis(and the Introduction) 717

Suggesting a Solution,Further Study,or Predicting an Outcome 718

Giving a Humorous Comment or Unexpected Twist 719

CHAPTER 22 Essay Development 721

DESCRIPTION 722

Naming 722

Specifying 725

Comparing 727

Appealing to the Senses 729

NARRATION 736

Ordering Narrative Action 736

Developing Narrative Action 738

Narrative Point of View 743

DEFINITION 744

Sentence Definition 745

Extended Definition 747

CLASSIFICATION 750

Choosing the Principles to Classify 753

Testing the Effectiveness 754

Explaining Each Subgroup 756

EXAMPLE 759

Relevant Examples 760

Specific Examples 761

Sufficient Examples 762

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 765

Points for Comparing and Contrasting 766

Two Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast 768

CAUSE AND EFFECT 772

Distinguishing Between Cause and Effect 773

Necessity,sufficiency,and Mill;s Methods 776

Organizing Cause and Effect 779

CHAPTER 23 Sentence Development 786

DEVELOPING MATURE SENTENCES 787

Five Basic Sentence Patterns 787

Sentence Expansion 788

Four Basic Sentence Types 793

Other Syntactical Patterns 797

Sentence Variety and Maturity 802

AvOIDING SENTENCE ERRORS 810

Fused Sentences and Comma Splice 810

Sentence Fragments 814

Subject-Verb Agreement 817

Pronoun Agreement 821

Pronoun Reference 825

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 828

Faulty Parallelism 832

CHAPTER 24 Word Choice 836

LEVELS OF DICTION 836

Formal and Informal 836

General/Abstract and Specific/Concrete 841

Denotation and Connotation 843

Wordiness and Redundancy 845

Jargon and Slang 854

Archaisms,Neologisms,and Dialects 858

Trite Expressions and Clich é 861

Euphemisms,Offensive Terms,and Sexist Language 865

FIGURES OF SPEECH 871

Simile and Metaphor 871

Overstatement(Hyperbole)and Understatement 876

Irony,Paradox,and Oxymoron 878

CHAPTER 25 Punctuation and Mechanics 882

PUNCTUATION 883

Comma [,] 883

Colon[:] and Semicolon[;] 889

Period[.],Question Mark[?],and Exclamation Point[!] 895

Quotation Marks[" "] 899

Dash,Parentheses,and Brackets 904

Slash,Hyphen,Apostrophe,and Ellipsis 909

MECHANICS 912

Capital Letters 913

Italics and Underlines 918

Abbreviations and Acronyms 921

Numbers 923

Subject,Author,and Title List 927

Acknowledgments 939

Works Cited and Consulted 942