Chapter 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FUNDAMENTALS AND THE COMMON LAW 1
Objective of this Book 1
Lawyers and Laymen 1
What Is Environmental Law ？ 3
Environmental Law and the Courts 3
States and United States Court Systems 3
Cases Which the United States Courts Can Decide 4
United States Court System 5
Courts in Practical Perspective 7
Common Law 7
Case Law 9
Obiter Dicta 9
Torts 10
Nuisance 10
Private or Public Nuisances 11
Noise Nuisance 12
Other Nuisances 14
Some Defenses to Nuisance Actions 16
Coming to a Nuisance 17
Trespass 18
Negligence 20
ResIpsa Loquitur 21
Violation of a Statute orOrdinance 22
Dangerous Substances—Strict Liability 23
Defenses to an Action for Negligence 24
Contributory Negligence 24
Assumption of Risk 25
Proving Negligence 25
Sovereign Immunity and Torts 25
Constitutional Law 27
Constitution and Government Authority 27
Limits on Governmental Action 27
Search Warrants and the Fourth Amendment 27
Prohibition Against Self-Incrimination： The Fifth Amendment 30
Due Process， the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments 30
Police Power and Due Process 31
Prohibition Against Talang Property Without Compensation 32
Commerce Clause Limitations 34
Equal Protection of the Laws 35
Constitutional Protection of the Environment 36
Defenses 38
Generally 38
Laches 40
Contractual Authorization 40
Public Authorization 41
Vagueness 41
Unreasonableness and Impossibility of Performance 42
Parties 44
Standing， or Who May Sue 44
Class Actions 46
Evidence 46
Burden of Proof 46
Judicial Notice 47
Presumptions 47
Admissions 47
Questions of Law and Fact 47
Relevant and Material 48
Res Inter Alios Acta 48
Hearsay 48
Opinion Evidence 49
Best Evidence Rule 49
Parol Evidence Rule 49
Witnesses 49
Privileged Communications 49
Your Own Reports as Evidence Against You 51
Samples or Physical Evidence 52
Evidence Collection and Constitutional Rights 52
Administrative Law 53
Generally 53
Powers of Governmental Agencies 53
Procedures 53
Evidence in Administrative Law 54
Hearings 55
Judicial Review 55
Attorneys’ Fees—New Concepts 57
Criminal and Civil Liability of Corporate Employees 58
Chapter 2 RESOURCE CONSERYATION AND RECOVERY ACT 61
Overview 61
Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA， as Amended 64
Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste 64
Subtitle C: The Hazardous Waste Management Program 65
Identification of Hazardous Wastes under the Implementing Regulations 65
Hazardous WasteLists 67
Hazardous Waste Characteristics 69
Mixtures of Hazardous Wastes and Solid Waste 71
Used， Reused， Recycled or Reclaimed Hazardous Wastes 71
1984 Amendments Relevant to Fuel Containing Hazardous Waste 73
Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities 74
Generators of Hazardous Waste 75
Small Generators 77
Transporters of Hazardous Wastes 79
Statutory and Regulatory Requirements for T/S/D Facilities 82
Standards of General Applicability 85
Standards for Specific Types of T/S/D Facilities 89
Impact of the 1984 Amendments 90
Prohibitions on Land Disposal of Certain Wastes 90
Liquids in Landfills 92
Existing Surface Impoundments and Minimum Technological Requirements 92
Expansion During Interim Status 94
Corrective Action Beyond Facility Boundary 94
Minimum Technological Requirement for New Landfills and Surface Impoundments 95
Permits 96
State Hazardous Waste Programs 98
Inspection and Enforcement 100
Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks 101
State or Regional Solid Waste Plans 103
Role of the Department of Commerce 104
Federal Responsibilities 104
Additional Enforcement Provisions: Citizens Suits and Imminent Hazard Actions 105
Research， Development， Demonstration， and Information 107
National Groundwater Commission 107
Conclusion 108
Chapter 3 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE，COMPENSATION AND LI BILITY ACT （SUPERPUND） 109
Overview 109
Statutory Funds 110
Agency Responsibilities 111
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 112
Response and Clean Up Authority 114
National Contingency Plan 115
Revised National Contingency Plan 116
Response， Removal and Remedial Action 119
Oil Spill Response （Clean Water Act） 119
Hazardous Substance and Pollutant and Contaminant Response （Superfund） 119
Evaluating Sites: The National Priorities List 120
Liability and Enforcement 125
Inspections， Records and Reporting 131
Financial Responsibility 132
Vessels 132
Facilities 133
Motor Carriers 133
Hazardous Substances Response Fund 133
Establishment of the Response Fund 133
Fund Uses 134
Procedures for Claims Against the Response Fund 136
Post-Closure Liability Trust Fund 137
Studies and Reports 137
Regulatory Authority 138
Judicial Review 138
State Superfund Laws 139
Chapter 4 TOXIC SUBSTANCES 141
Introduction 141
Problem of Unregulated Chemicals 142
The Need for a Toxic Substances Control Act 144
Legislative Background 144
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 146
Premanufacture Notification—Statutory Provisions 146
PMN Regulations Proposed and Reproposed 147
Interim PMN Policy and Final Regulations 149
Proposed Testing Guidelines Under Section 5 149
PMN Exemption: Section 5（h）（4） 150
Significant New Use Regulations （SNURs） 151
Rejection of PMNs 153
Inventory List: Section 8（b） 155
Reporting Requirements 159
Section 8（a） 159
Proposed 8（a） Regulation， 1980 159
Section 8（a） Final Regulations 160
Reporting of Health and Safety Studies: Section 8（d） 161
Reports of Health and Safety Studies 164
Hazard Reporting Requirements 165
Substantial Risk Notification: Section 8（e） 165
Significant Adverse Reactions: Section 8（c） 167
Testing Requirements 168
General Testing Requirements: Section 4（a） 168
Testing Reimbursement 170
Priority List for Chemical Testing 171
EPA’s Regulatory Role 175
Section 6 175
PCB Regulation under Section 6（e） and CFC 176
Imminent Hazards: Section 7 177
PCB Regulation 178
Confidentiality 183
Citizen Enforcement and Legal Fees 185
Relationship of TSCA to Other Federal Laws 186
Existing Toxic Substances Laws 188
Clean Air Act 189
Water Pollution Act 189
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 191
Consumer Product Safety Commission 192
The Proposed Federal Cancer policy 192
Goals of the Federal Cancer policy 193
Background of the Policy 193
Scientific Principles of the Cancer Policy 193
Implementation Regulations of the Cancer Policy 195
Conclusion 197
Chapter 5 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 199
Safe Drinking Water Act Status 199
Public Water Supplies 199
Drinking Water Standards 199
The Regulated Public 201
The Regulatory Scheme 201
Aquifer Protection 204
Underground Injection Control 204
The Regulatory Scheme 205
UIC Permit 207
UIC Regulatory Enforcement 208
UIC Permit Substantive Requirements 208
Class Ⅰ Wells: Hazardous Wastes 208
Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ Wells 211
Class Ⅳ and Ⅴ Wells 211
SDWA in Perspective 211
Chapter 6 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 213
Introduction 213
History 214
Establishment of Air Quality Standards 215
Air Quality Criteria 215
National Ambient Air Quality Standards 216
Air Quality Control Regions 219
State Implementation Plans （SIPs） 220
Content of SIP 220
Role of Technology and Economics 224
Use of Dispersion Techniques 226
Transportation Control Plans 227
Maintenance of Ambient Air Quality Standards 229
Indirect Source Review 230
Variances 230
New Source Review in Non-Attainment Areas 231
Prevention of Significant Deterioration （PSD） 235
Energy Related Authority 239
Conversions to Coal 239
Energy Emergency Provisions 240
National Stationary Source Emission Standards 241
New Source Performance Standards （NSPS） 241
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants （NESHAP） 243
Information Gathering Authority 245
Enforcement Authority 245
Compliance Orders and Noncompliance Penalties 247
Emergency Authority 248
Ozone Protection 249
Motor Vehicle Emission Control 250
Introduction 250
Statutory Standards and Suspension 250
Certification 252
Compliance by Production Vehicles 253
Assembly Line Testing 254
Warranties 254
Recall 255
Vehicle Inspection 255
Enforcement 256
Fuel and Fuel Additive Provisions 256
Registration 256
Regulatory Authority 257
Aircraft Emission Control 260
Citizens Suits 261
Judicial Review 262
Acid Rain 263
Chapter 7 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 265
Introduction—The Historical Perspective 265
Federal-State Water Pollution Control Program—Overview 268
Goals and Objectives 268
Mechanisms for Achieving These Goals and Objectives 268
Permitting Under The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 269
Program Scope and Applicability 270
Permitting Procedures 272
Permit Conditions 276
Establishing the Limitations for Inclusion in the Permit—Technology and Water Quality-Based Limits 280
Pollutants to be Addressed 281
Required Level of Treatment—Technology-Based Limits for “Existing” Direct Discharges 285
Required Level of Treatment--Technology-Based Limits for “New Source” Direct Discharges 288
Required Level of Treatment—Technology-Based Limits for Indirect Dischargers （Pre-Treatment） 291
Technology-Based Treatment Standards for Industrial Dischargers Dealing with Process Variability 294
Technology-Based Treatment Standards— Publicl Owned Treatment Works 297
More Str gent Treatment Required to Meet Water Quality-Related Effluent Limitations 300
Controlling Non-Process-Related Waste Discharges 303
Controlling Area-Wide Non-Point Source Pollution—Section 208 Planning 304
Stormwater Discharges and Best Management Practices 304
Oil and Hazardous Substances 306
Oil 307
HazardousSubstances 309
Other Critical Elements of the Water Act Program 311
Abatement Actions and Sanctions 311
Citizen Suits 315
Provisions Having Special Applicability 316
Discharges to Ground Waters 316
Dredged or Fill Material 317
Ocean Discharge Criteria 319
Thermal Discharges 320
EPA Construction Grants Program 321
Cost Recovery Program and User Charges 321
Cost Effectiveness and Eligjbility 325
Construction Grants—Summary 326
Pollution Control Planning in the Current Regulatory Climate 326
EPA Standards Development Programs 327
Negotiation of Permit Conditions 328
Discussions With Regional Office and State Officials 329
State and Local Planning Activities 329
Conclusion 329
Annex A--Section 307 Toxic Pollutants 331
Annex B—Industry Categories 333
Chapter 8 THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 334
Introduction 334
Comparison of OSHA and EPA 334
Legislative Framework 335
Purpose of the Act 335
Coverage of the Act 336
Federal and State Employees 337
Health Standards 338
Slow Pace of Standards Development: The Noise Example 339
Standard Setting 340
Consensus Standards: Section 6（a） 340
Standards Completion Process 341
Permanent Standards， Section 6（b） 341
Emergency Temporary Standards 345
Safety Standards 345
Arees Covered by the Standards 347
Variances 348
Temporary Variances 348
Permanent Variances 349
Compliance and Inspections 349
Field Structure 349
Role of Inspections 349
Training and Competency of Inspectors 350
Citations 350
Willful Violations 351
Repeat Violations 351
State OSHA Program 352
The Concept 352
Critiques 352
Consultation 354
Overlapping Jurisdiction 355
Qccupational Safety and Health Review Commission 356
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health 358
Reprisals Against Worker Complaints: Section 11（c） 359
Constitutional Challenges: The Barlow Case 360
Hazard Communications Regulation’ 362
Reason for the Regulation 362
Controversy and Litigation 363
Appendix A—Outline of Key Provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 364
Chapter 9 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT 370
Introduction 370
Overview 371
Title Ⅰ Policy and Goals 371
Enforceability of Title I Policy and Goals 371
The Environmental Impact Statement 372
Title Ⅱ: Council on Environmental Quality （CEQ） 373
How NEPA Relates to Other Federal Law 374
Environmental Impact Statements 375
Background: CEQ’s NEPA Regulations 378
Proposed Actions Requiring an EIS 380
Findings of No Significant Impact 382
EIS Requirements for Special Types of Federal Action 383
Procedure and Time of Required Issuance 385
Who Can Prepare the EIS and the Lead Agency System 386
Delegation 386
The Lead Agency System 387
Contents 388
“International” Environmental Statements 389
Applicants’ Environmental Reports 390
Seven Other “Action-Forcing” Provisions 392
Who Can Sue for Alleged Violations of NEPA 396
Chapter 10 FEDERAL REGULATION OF PESTIC 398
ESBackground to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides 398
Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations 398
Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency 400
Pesticide Statute 401
Key Provisions of the Federal Insecticide， Fungicide，and Rodenticide Act 401
Registration Procedures 402
Federal Control Over Pesticide Use 404
Cancellation 405
Suspension 407
Ordinary Suspension 407
Emergency Suspension 409
Balancing Test in FIFRA 410
Trade Secrets 411
1972 Amendments to FIFRA 414
Indemnities 415
“Featherbedding” or “Me-Too” Registrants 416
Essentialityin Registration 419
Intrastate Registrations 420
Scientific Advisory Committees 421
Standing for Registration， Appeals and Subpoenas 422
Judicial Appeals 425
Exports and Imports 427
Disposal and Recall 429
Experimental Use Permits 430
1975 Amendments to FIF RA 432
Need For FIFRA Renewal 432
Controversy over USDA’s Veto of EPA 433
Requirement of Consultation by EPA with USDA 434
Scientific Advisory Committees 435
Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement 436
Self-Certification of Private Applicators 437
1978 Amendments to FIFRA 439
Conditional Registration 439
Generic Pesticide Review 439
Greater State Authority 440
Compensation and Confidentiality 441
Efficacy 441
1980 Amendments to FIFRA 441
Two-House Congressional Veto Over EPA Regulations 441
Changes in the Function and Design of the Scientific Advisory Panel （SAP） 442
Legal Cases 443
Basic Cases 443
Label Restrictions: Theory and Practice 445
Administrator’s Flexibility 448
Concerning The Scientific Advisory Committee 448
Concerning The Administrative Law Judge 449
National Environmental Policy Act 450
Pesticide Regulation Under Other Federal Statutes 451
Pesticides Under the Food， Drug & Cosmetic Act 451
Clean Air Act of 1970 454
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 454
Solid Waste Disposal Acts 455
Occupational Safety and Health Act 456
Federal Hazardous Substances Act 456
Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs 457
The RPAR Process 457
Chapter 11 MARINE PROTECTION， RESEARCH AND SANCTUARIES ACT 461
Administration and Interpretation of the Statute 461
Regulatory Scheme 463
Prohibited Materials and Permits 463
Dredged Materials Permits 464
EPA and Ocean Dumping Permits 465
Dump Sites 467
Marine Sanctuaries 467
Permit Applications 468
Permit Appeals 469
General， Special， Research and Interim Permits 469
Court Interpretation of the Law and Regulations 470
Enforcement 470
Ocean Disposal Realities 471
Chapter 12 NOISE CONTROL 472
Introduction 472
Characteristics of Sound 473
Biological Effects of Noise 474
Physical Effects 475
Physiological Effects 476
OSHA Regulation of Noise 478
Present OSHA Standard 478
Enforcement 481
OSHA Noise Hearings 481
Economic and Technical Feasibility 484
Hearing Protection Devices 486
Feasibility and Balancing Debate 487
Long-Anticipated OSHA Noise Standard 490
Hearing Conservation Program 491
Environmental Protection Agency Authority 491
The Noise Act of 1970 492
The Noise Control Act of 1972 493
Noise Sources and Criteria 494
Setting of Noise Emission Standards 495
Federal， State and Local Jurisdiction Under Section 6 497
Warranties 499
Advertising Restrictions 499
Labeling 499
Development of Low-Noise-Emission Products 500
Prohibitions and Penalties 501
Control of Transportation Noise 502
Aviation Noise 502
Railroad and Motor Carrier Noise Standards 504
EPA’s Coordination Role Within the Federal Government 506
Quiet Communities Act of 1978 507
Current Regulatory Actions on Noise 507
Regulatory Activity Concerning Noise in the Aviation Industry 507
Retrofit Of Existing Aircraft 508
Airports and Aircraft Operating Procedures 510
DOT’s Concorde Decision 512
FAA Noise Certification 516
Major Sources of Noise 516
Air Compressors 518
Trucks 520
Power Mowers 521
Garbage Truck Compactors 522
Wheel and Crawler Tractors 523
Buses 523
Snowmobiles 523
Motorcycles 524
EPA Motor Carrier Regulations 525
EPA Noise Standard For Railroads 525
Chapter 13 LAND USE: MAJOR ISSUES IN THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 528
Introduction 528
Background and Nature of the Problem 529
Siting Problems 531
Local Issues 532
State Law Requirements 534
State and Federal-State Planning 536
Statewide Land Use Planning 537
Land Use Planning for Specific Areas 537
Planning for Achievement of Categorical Pollution Control Objectives 539
Other Planning Requirements 542
Specific Federal Authorizations 543
Lead Agency Proceedings 545
Federal-State Coordination 545
“Third Party” Contracts 546
Legislated Procedures 546
Approach Under Existing Law 546
Participate in the Land Use Planning Process 547
Select Sites and Formulate Plans Based on a Detailed Understanding of the Siting Process 547
Structure the Procedure and Climate in Which the Siting Decision Will Be Made 547
File the Applications 548
Make the Reviewing Agencies Do It Right 548
Make Sure That Actual Construction Is in Accordance with Your Authorization and the Final EIS 549
Prospects For Change: Specific Siting Legislation 549
The Deepwater Port Example 550
Time Limitation 550
Single Coordinated Procedure 550
One Environmental Impact Statement Based on Identified Criteria 551
Problems with the Deepwater Port Act Approach 553
Specific Legislation Begets Stringent Criteria 553
“Time Limits” Can Be Illusory 553
It Is Difficult to Enforce the “One Window” Concept 554
The “One Environmental Impact Statement” Concept Failed 554
The Future of the Deepwater Port Approach 554
Conclusion 555
Chapter 14 ENFORCEMENT AND LIABILITIES 560
Realities: Multiple Actions 560
Government Enforcement and Liabilities 561
Federal Enforcement Organizations and Strategies 561
State Enforcement 564
Private Enforcement 565
Private Enforcement Under Federal Laws: Citizen Suits 566
Private Action Under State Laws 567
Individual Liabilities: Your Personal Concerns 568
Recommendations 569
Index 571