ENVIRONMENTAL LAW HANDBOOK EIGHTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FUNDAMENTALS AND THE COMMON LAW 1

Objective of this Book 1

Lawyers and Laymen 1

What Is Environmental Law ？ 3

Environmental Law and the Courts 3

States and United States Court Systems 3

Cases Which the United States Courts Can Decide 4

United States Court System 5

Courts in Practical Perspective 7

Common Law 7

Case Law 9

Obiter Dicta 9

Torts 10

Nuisance 10

Private or Public Nuisances 11

Noise Nuisance 12

Other Nuisances 14

Some Defenses to Nuisance Actions 16

Coming to a Nuisance 17

Trespass 18

Negligence 20

ResIpsa Loquitur 21

Violation of a Statute orOrdinance 22

Dangerous Substances—Strict Liability 23

Defenses to an Action for Negligence 24

Contributory Negligence 24

Assumption of Risk 25

Proving Negligence 25

Sovereign Immunity and Torts 25

Constitutional Law 27

Constitution and Government Authority 27

Limits on Governmental Action 27

Search Warrants and the Fourth Amendment 27

Prohibition Against Self-Incrimination： The Fifth Amendment 30

Due Process， the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments 30

Police Power and Due Process 31

Prohibition Against Talang Property Without Compensation 32

Commerce Clause Limitations 34

Equal Protection of the Laws 35

Constitutional Protection of the Environment 36

Defenses 38

Generally 38

Laches 40

Contractual Authorization 40

Public Authorization 41

Vagueness 41

Unreasonableness and Impossibility of Performance 42

Parties 44

Standing， or Who May Sue 44

Class Actions 46

Evidence 46

Burden of Proof 46

Judicial Notice 47

Presumptions 47

Admissions 47

Questions of Law and Fact 47

Relevant and Material 48

Res Inter Alios Acta 48

Hearsay 48

Opinion Evidence 49

Best Evidence Rule 49

Parol Evidence Rule 49

Witnesses 49

Privileged Communications 49

Your Own Reports as Evidence Against You 51

Samples or Physical Evidence 52

Evidence Collection and Constitutional Rights 52

Administrative Law 53

Generally 53

Powers of Governmental Agencies 53

Procedures 53

Evidence in Administrative Law 54

Hearings 55

Judicial Review 55

Attorneys’ Fees—New Concepts 57

Criminal and Civil Liability of Corporate Employees 58

Chapter 2 RESOURCE CONSERYATION AND RECOVERY ACT 61

Overview 61

Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA， as Amended 64

Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste 64

Subtitle C: The Hazardous Waste Management Program 65

Identification of Hazardous Wastes under the Implementing Regulations 65

Hazardous WasteLists 67

Hazardous Waste Characteristics 69

Mixtures of Hazardous Wastes and Solid Waste 71

Used， Reused， Recycled or Reclaimed Hazardous Wastes 71

1984 Amendments Relevant to Fuel Containing Hazardous Waste 73

Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities 74

Generators of Hazardous Waste 75

Small Generators 77

Transporters of Hazardous Wastes 79

Statutory and Regulatory Requirements for T/S/D Facilities 82

Standards of General Applicability 85

Standards for Specific Types of T/S/D Facilities 89

Impact of the 1984 Amendments 90

Prohibitions on Land Disposal of Certain Wastes 90

Liquids in Landfills 92

Existing Surface Impoundments and Minimum Technological Requirements 92

Expansion During Interim Status 94

Corrective Action Beyond Facility Boundary 94

Minimum Technological Requirement for New Landfills and Surface Impoundments 95

Permits 96

State Hazardous Waste Programs 98

Inspection and Enforcement 100

Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks 101

State or Regional Solid Waste Plans 103

Role of the Department of Commerce 104

Federal Responsibilities 104

Additional Enforcement Provisions: Citizens Suits and Imminent Hazard Actions 105

Research， Development， Demonstration， and Information 107

National Groundwater Commission 107

Conclusion 108

Chapter 3 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE，COMPENSATION AND LI BILITY ACT （SUPERPUND） 109

Overview 109

Statutory Funds 110

Agency Responsibilities 111

Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 112

Response and Clean Up Authority 114

National Contingency Plan 115

Revised National Contingency Plan 116

Response， Removal and Remedial Action 119

Oil Spill Response （Clean Water Act） 119

Hazardous Substance and Pollutant and Contaminant Response （Superfund） 119

Evaluating Sites: The National Priorities List 120

Liability and Enforcement 125

Inspections， Records and Reporting 131

Financial Responsibility 132

Vessels 132

Facilities 133

Motor Carriers 133

Hazardous Substances Response Fund 133

Establishment of the Response Fund 133

Fund Uses 134

Procedures for Claims Against the Response Fund 136

Post-Closure Liability Trust Fund 137

Studies and Reports 137

Regulatory Authority 138

Judicial Review 138

State Superfund Laws 139

Chapter 4 TOXIC SUBSTANCES 141

Introduction 141

Problem of Unregulated Chemicals 142

The Need for a Toxic Substances Control Act 144

Legislative Background 144

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 146

Premanufacture Notification—Statutory Provisions 146

PMN Regulations Proposed and Reproposed 147

Interim PMN Policy and Final Regulations 149

Proposed Testing Guidelines Under Section 5 149

PMN Exemption: Section 5（h）（4） 150

Significant New Use Regulations （SNURs） 151

Rejection of PMNs 153

Inventory List: Section 8（b） 155

Reporting Requirements 159

Section 8（a） 159

Proposed 8（a） Regulation， 1980 159

Section 8（a） Final Regulations 160

Reporting of Health and Safety Studies: Section 8（d） 161

Reports of Health and Safety Studies 164

Hazard Reporting Requirements 165

Substantial Risk Notification: Section 8（e） 165

Significant Adverse Reactions: Section 8（c） 167

Testing Requirements 168

General Testing Requirements: Section 4（a） 168

Testing Reimbursement 170

Priority List for Chemical Testing 171

EPA’s Regulatory Role 175

Section 6 175

PCB Regulation under Section 6（e） and CFC 176

Imminent Hazards: Section 7 177

PCB Regulation 178

Confidentiality 183

Citizen Enforcement and Legal Fees 185

Relationship of TSCA to Other Federal Laws 186

Existing Toxic Substances Laws 188

Clean Air Act 189

Water Pollution Act 189

Occupational Safety and Health Administration 191

Consumer Product Safety Commission 192

The Proposed Federal Cancer policy 192

Goals of the Federal Cancer policy 193

Background of the Policy 193

Scientific Principles of the Cancer Policy 193

Implementation Regulations of the Cancer Policy 195

Conclusion 197

Chapter 5 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 199

Safe Drinking Water Act Status 199

Public Water Supplies 199

Drinking Water Standards 199

The Regulated Public 201

The Regulatory Scheme 201

Aquifer Protection 204

Underground Injection Control 204

The Regulatory Scheme 205

UIC Permit 207

UIC Regulatory Enforcement 208

UIC Permit Substantive Requirements 208

Class Ⅰ Wells: Hazardous Wastes 208

Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ Wells 211

Class Ⅳ and Ⅴ Wells 211

SDWA in Perspective 211

Chapter 6 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 213

Introduction 213

History 214

Establishment of Air Quality Standards 215

Air Quality Criteria 215

National Ambient Air Quality Standards 216

Air Quality Control Regions 219

State Implementation Plans （SIPs） 220

Content of SIP 220

Role of Technology and Economics 224

Use of Dispersion Techniques 226

Transportation Control Plans 227

Maintenance of Ambient Air Quality Standards 229

Indirect Source Review 230

Variances 230

New Source Review in Non-Attainment Areas 231

Prevention of Significant Deterioration （PSD） 235

Energy Related Authority 239

Conversions to Coal 239

Energy Emergency Provisions 240

National Stationary Source Emission Standards 241

New Source Performance Standards （NSPS） 241

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants （NESHAP） 243

Information Gathering Authority 245

Enforcement Authority 245

Compliance Orders and Noncompliance Penalties 247

Emergency Authority 248

Ozone Protection 249

Motor Vehicle Emission Control 250

Introduction 250

Statutory Standards and Suspension 250

Certification 252

Compliance by Production Vehicles 253

Assembly Line Testing 254

Warranties 254

Recall 255

Vehicle Inspection 255

Enforcement 256

Fuel and Fuel Additive Provisions 256

Registration 256

Regulatory Authority 257

Aircraft Emission Control 260

Citizens Suits 261

Judicial Review 262

Acid Rain 263

Chapter 7 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 265

Introduction—The Historical Perspective 265

Federal-State Water Pollution Control Program—Overview 268

Goals and Objectives 268

Mechanisms for Achieving These Goals and Objectives 268

Permitting Under The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 269

Program Scope and Applicability 270

Permitting Procedures 272

Permit Conditions 276

Establishing the Limitations for Inclusion in the Permit—Technology and Water Quality-Based Limits 280

Pollutants to be Addressed 281

Required Level of Treatment—Technology-Based Limits for “Existing” Direct Discharges 285

Required Level of Treatment--Technology-Based Limits for “New Source” Direct Discharges 288

Required Level of Treatment—Technology-Based Limits for Indirect Dischargers （Pre-Treatment） 291

Technology-Based Treatment Standards for Industrial Dischargers Dealing with Process Variability 294

Technology-Based Treatment Standards— Publicl Owned Treatment Works 297

More Str gent Treatment Required to Meet Water Quality-Related Effluent Limitations 300

Controlling Non-Process-Related Waste Discharges 303

Controlling Area-Wide Non-Point Source Pollution—Section 208 Planning 304

Stormwater Discharges and Best Management Practices 304

Oil and Hazardous Substances 306

Oil 307

HazardousSubstances 309

Other Critical Elements of the Water Act Program 311

Abatement Actions and Sanctions 311

Citizen Suits 315

Provisions Having Special Applicability 316

Discharges to Ground Waters 316

Dredged or Fill Material 317

Ocean Discharge Criteria 319

Thermal Discharges 320

EPA Construction Grants Program 321

Cost Recovery Program and User Charges 321

Cost Effectiveness and Eligjbility 325

Construction Grants—Summary 326

Pollution Control Planning in the Current Regulatory Climate 326

EPA Standards Development Programs 327

Negotiation of Permit Conditions 328

Discussions With Regional Office and State Officials 329

State and Local Planning Activities 329

Conclusion 329

Annex A--Section 307 Toxic Pollutants 331

Annex B—Industry Categories 333

Chapter 8 THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 334

Introduction 334

Comparison of OSHA and EPA 334

Legislative Framework 335

Purpose of the Act 335

Coverage of the Act 336

Federal and State Employees 337

Health Standards 338

Slow Pace of Standards Development: The Noise Example 339

Standard Setting 340

Consensus Standards: Section 6（a） 340

Standards Completion Process 341

Permanent Standards， Section 6（b） 341

Emergency Temporary Standards 345

Safety Standards 345

Arees Covered by the Standards 347

Variances 348

Temporary Variances 348

Permanent Variances 349

Compliance and Inspections 349

Field Structure 349

Role of Inspections 349

Training and Competency of Inspectors 350

Citations 350

Willful Violations 351

Repeat Violations 351

State OSHA Program 352

The Concept 352

Critiques 352

Consultation 354

Overlapping Jurisdiction 355

Qccupational Safety and Health Review Commission 356

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health 358

Reprisals Against Worker Complaints: Section 11（c） 359

Constitutional Challenges: The Barlow Case 360

Hazard Communications Regulation’ 362

Reason for the Regulation 362

Controversy and Litigation 363

Appendix A—Outline of Key Provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 364

Chapter 9 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT 370

Introduction 370

Overview 371

Title Ⅰ Policy and Goals 371

Enforceability of Title I Policy and Goals 371

The Environmental Impact Statement 372

Title Ⅱ: Council on Environmental Quality （CEQ） 373

How NEPA Relates to Other Federal Law 374

Environmental Impact Statements 375

Background: CEQ’s NEPA Regulations 378

Proposed Actions Requiring an EIS 380

Findings of No Significant Impact 382

EIS Requirements for Special Types of Federal Action 383

Procedure and Time of Required Issuance 385

Who Can Prepare the EIS and the Lead Agency System 386

Delegation 386

The Lead Agency System 387

Contents 388

“International” Environmental Statements 389

Applicants’ Environmental Reports 390

Seven Other “Action-Forcing” Provisions 392

Who Can Sue for Alleged Violations of NEPA 396

Chapter 10 FEDERAL REGULATION OF PESTIC 398

ESBackground to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides 398

Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations 398

Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency 400

Pesticide Statute 401

Key Provisions of the Federal Insecticide， Fungicide，and Rodenticide Act 401

Registration Procedures 402

Federal Control Over Pesticide Use 404

Cancellation 405

Suspension 407

Ordinary Suspension 407

Emergency Suspension 409

Balancing Test in FIFRA 410

Trade Secrets 411

1972 Amendments to FIFRA 414

Indemnities 415

“Featherbedding” or “Me-Too” Registrants 416

Essentialityin Registration 419

Intrastate Registrations 420

Scientific Advisory Committees 421

Standing for Registration， Appeals and Subpoenas 422

Judicial Appeals 425

Exports and Imports 427

Disposal and Recall 429

Experimental Use Permits 430

1975 Amendments to FIF RA 432

Need For FIFRA Renewal 432

Controversy over USDA’s Veto of EPA 433

Requirement of Consultation by EPA with USDA 434

Scientific Advisory Committees 435

Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement 436

Self-Certification of Private Applicators 437

1978 Amendments to FIFRA 439

Conditional Registration 439

Generic Pesticide Review 439

Greater State Authority 440

Compensation and Confidentiality 441

Efficacy 441

1980 Amendments to FIFRA 441

Two-House Congressional Veto Over EPA Regulations 441

Changes in the Function and Design of the Scientific Advisory Panel （SAP） 442

Legal Cases 443

Basic Cases 443

Label Restrictions: Theory and Practice 445

Administrator’s Flexibility 448

Concerning The Scientific Advisory Committee 448

Concerning The Administrative Law Judge 449

National Environmental Policy Act 450

Pesticide Regulation Under Other Federal Statutes 451

Pesticides Under the Food， Drug & Cosmetic Act 451

Clean Air Act of 1970 454

Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 454

Solid Waste Disposal Acts 455

Occupational Safety and Health Act 456

Federal Hazardous Substances Act 456

Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs 457

The RPAR Process 457

Chapter 11 MARINE PROTECTION， RESEARCH AND SANCTUARIES ACT 461

Administration and Interpretation of the Statute 461

Regulatory Scheme 463

Prohibited Materials and Permits 463

Dredged Materials Permits 464

EPA and Ocean Dumping Permits 465

Dump Sites 467

Marine Sanctuaries 467

Permit Applications 468

Permit Appeals 469

General， Special， Research and Interim Permits 469

Court Interpretation of the Law and Regulations 470

Enforcement 470

Ocean Disposal Realities 471

Chapter 12 NOISE CONTROL 472

Introduction 472

Characteristics of Sound 473

Biological Effects of Noise 474

Physical Effects 475

Physiological Effects 476

OSHA Regulation of Noise 478

Present OSHA Standard 478

Enforcement 481

OSHA Noise Hearings 481

Economic and Technical Feasibility 484

Hearing Protection Devices 486

Feasibility and Balancing Debate 487

Long-Anticipated OSHA Noise Standard 490

Hearing Conservation Program 491

Environmental Protection Agency Authority 491

The Noise Act of 1970 492

The Noise Control Act of 1972 493

Noise Sources and Criteria 494

Setting of Noise Emission Standards 495

Federal， State and Local Jurisdiction Under Section 6 497

Warranties 499

Advertising Restrictions 499

Labeling 499

Development of Low-Noise-Emission Products 500

Prohibitions and Penalties 501

Control of Transportation Noise 502

Aviation Noise 502

Railroad and Motor Carrier Noise Standards 504

EPA’s Coordination Role Within the Federal Government 506

Quiet Communities Act of 1978 507

Current Regulatory Actions on Noise 507

Regulatory Activity Concerning Noise in the Aviation Industry 507

Retrofit Of Existing Aircraft 508

Airports and Aircraft Operating Procedures 510

DOT’s Concorde Decision 512

FAA Noise Certification 516

Major Sources of Noise 516

Air Compressors 518

Trucks 520

Power Mowers 521

Garbage Truck Compactors 522

Wheel and Crawler Tractors 523

Buses 523

Snowmobiles 523

Motorcycles 524

EPA Motor Carrier Regulations 525

EPA Noise Standard For Railroads 525

Chapter 13 LAND USE: MAJOR ISSUES IN THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 528

Introduction 528

Background and Nature of the Problem 529

Siting Problems 531

Local Issues 532

State Law Requirements 534

State and Federal-State Planning 536

Statewide Land Use Planning 537

Land Use Planning for Specific Areas 537

Planning for Achievement of Categorical Pollution Control Objectives 539

Other Planning Requirements 542

Specific Federal Authorizations 543

Lead Agency Proceedings 545

Federal-State Coordination 545

“Third Party” Contracts 546

Legislated Procedures 546

Approach Under Existing Law 546

Participate in the Land Use Planning Process 547

Select Sites and Formulate Plans Based on a Detailed Understanding of the Siting Process 547

Structure the Procedure and Climate in Which the Siting Decision Will Be Made 547

File the Applications 548

Make the Reviewing Agencies Do It Right 548

Make Sure That Actual Construction Is in Accordance with Your Authorization and the Final EIS 549

Prospects For Change: Specific Siting Legislation 549

The Deepwater Port Example 550

Time Limitation 550

Single Coordinated Procedure 550

One Environmental Impact Statement Based on Identified Criteria 551

Problems with the Deepwater Port Act Approach 553

Specific Legislation Begets Stringent Criteria 553

“Time Limits” Can Be Illusory 553

It Is Difficult to Enforce the “One Window” Concept 554

The “One Environmental Impact Statement” Concept Failed 554

The Future of the Deepwater Port Approach 554

Conclusion 555

Chapter 14 ENFORCEMENT AND LIABILITIES 560

Realities: Multiple Actions 560

Government Enforcement and Liabilities 561

Federal Enforcement Organizations and Strategies 561

State Enforcement 564

Private Enforcement 565

Private Enforcement Under Federal Laws: Citizen Suits 566

Private Action Under State Laws 567

Individual Liabilities: Your Personal Concerns 568

Recommendations 569

Index 571