Introduction 3
Chapter 1 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS 7
1-1 Measurement of Voltage and Current 8
1-2 The Moving-Coil Meter 10
1-3 The Ammeter 13
1-4 The Voltmeter 16
1-5 The Ohmmeter 18
1-6 The Multimeter 21
1-7 The Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter （VTVM） 23
1-8 The Oscilloscope 26
References 36
Problems 37
Experiments 39
Chapter 2 POWER SUPPLIES 47
2-1 General Considerations 47
2-2 Scheme for Converting A-C Line Voltage to D-C Voltage 48
2-3 Power Transformers 50
2-4 Rectifiers 51
2-5 Rectifier Circuits 60
2-6 Filtering the Rectified Voltage 65
2-7 Regulation of the Output D-C Voltage 74
2-8 Batteries as Sources of D-C Voltage 76
2-9 Conversion of Direct Current to Alternating Current 86
References 87
Problems 87
Experiments 89
Chapter 3 AMPLIFICATION BY VACUUM TUBES ANDTRANSISTORS 97
3-1 Amplification 97
3-2 The Vacuum Triode 98
3-3 The Triode Common-Cathode Amplifier 101
3-4 The Vacuum Pentode 111
3-5 The Pentode Common-Cathode Amplifier 114
3-6 The Transistor 117
3-7 The Transistor Common-Emitter Amplifier 124
3-8 The Cathode-Follower （Common-Collector） Amplifier 134
3-9 The Common-Base （Grounded-Grid） Amplifier 145
3-10 The Unipolar Field-Effect Transistor （FET） 148
References 153
Problems 153
Experiments 156
Chapter 4 AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS 161
4-1 Audio Preamplifiers 161
4-2 Audio Power Amplifier 171
4-3 The Direct-Coupled Amplifier 177
4-4 The Difference Amplifier 184
4-5 Noise and Distortion in Amplifiers 190
4-6 The Radio-Frequency Amplifier 198
4-7 Amplifiers with Feedback 202
References 212
Problems 213
Experiments 214
Chapter 5 OSCILLATORS 223
5-1 General Considerations 223
5-2 Feedback Oscillators 225
5-3 Sinusoidal Negative-Resistance Oscillators 231
5-4 Relaxation Oscillators 234
5-5 Oscillator Stabilization 239
5-6 Modulation and Demodulation 242
Referenses 246
Problems 246
Experiments 247
Chapter 6 COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS 251
6-1 The Principles of Comparison Methods 251
6-2 Accurate D-C Voltage Measurement by the ComparisonMethod 254
6-3 D-C Current Measurement by Comparison Method 273
6-4 Resistance Measurement by a Comparison Procedure 273
6-5 Impedance Measurement by Comparison Procedures 276
6-6 Frequency Measurements by the Comparison Procedure 283
References 284
Problems 284
Experiments 286
Chapter 7 SERVO SYSTEMS 291
7-1 General Description of Servomechanisms 291
7-2 The Automatic Recording Potentiometer—A SimpleServomechanism 293
7-3 The Instrument Servomotor 295
7-4 The Signal Controller for SerVe Potentiometers 298
7-5 Information-Feedback Dev ce for the Servo Potentiometer 304
7-6 The Command Signal—Input Transducars 306
7-7 Servo Stability—The Dynamics Problem 307
7-8 Antihunt Methods 316
7-9 Synchro-Generator-Control-Transformer System 318
7-10 High-Power Prime Movers and Signal Controllers 321
7-11 Standard Block Diagram and Terminology 327
7-12 Open-Loop Control 329
References 329
Problems 329
Experiments 330
Chutpter 8 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL 341
8-1 An Amplifier Designed for Feedback Control 342
8-2 Operational Amplifiersfor Electrical Measurements 353
8-3 The Chopper-Stabilized Operational Amplifier 359
8-4 The Generation of Precise Voltages and Waveforms 364
8-5 The Precise Control of Current and Voltage 368
8-6 Computation and Simulation 372
8-7 The Regulated Power Supply 376
8-8 Contfol for A-C-Operated Loads 383
References 388
Problems 388
Experiments 390
Chapter 9 ELECTRONIC SWITCHING AND TIMING AND DIGITAL COUNTING SYSTEMS 397
9-1 Counting, Switching, and Timing 397
9-2 Characteristics of Pulses and Pulse Amplifiers 403
9-3 Wave Shaping by the RC Circuit 406
9-4 Diode Switching Circuits 411
9-5 Amplification Elements as Switches 420
9-6 The Bistable Multivibrator 424
9-7 Schmitt Trigger （Cathode-Coupled Bistable Multivibrator） 431
9-8 Astable Multivibrator 434
9-9 Monostable Multivibrator 440
9-10 Blocking Oscillators 444
9-11 The Triggered-Sweep Oscilloscope 445
9-12 Scalers and Electronic Counters 447
9-13 Frequency and Time-Interval Meters 452
9-14 Electronic Digital-to-Analog Converters 456
9-15 Analog-to-Digital Converters 457
References 461
Problems 461
Experiments 463
Supplements 469
1 An Integrated System of Instruments, Test Equip-ment, and Rapid-Connect Parts 471
S1-1 Wired Test Equipment.EUW-12 473
S1-2 Universal Chassis and Parts.EUW-13 474
S1-3 Special Experimental Parts.EUW-14 489
S1-4 Universal Power Supply.EUW-15 493
S1-5 Voltage Reference Source.EUW-16 503
Sl-6 Transistorized Power Supply.EUW-17 510
S1-7 Laboratory Meter.EUW-18 514
S1-8 Operational-Amplifier System.EUW-19 516
S1-9 Servo Recorder.EUW-20 525
2 D-C Circuits 528
S2-1 Resistance 529
S2-2 Current 532
S2-3 Potential 533
S2-4 Series Circuits 534
S2-5 Parallel Circuits 536
S2-6 Networks 537
3 Electrical Signals and Reactive Circuits 545
S3-1 Introduction to Signals and Reactive Components 546
S3-2 Capacitors 554
S3-3 Inductors 555
S3-4 Sine-Wave Signals and Reactive Circuits 556
S3-5 Nonsinusoidal Signals and Reactive Circuits 573
S3-6 Mutual Inductance 579
Appendixes 583
A Transistor Parameter Equivalents and Interconversion Tables 585
B Vacuum-Tube Characteristic Curves 589
C Resistors （EIA-JAN Values） 595
D Power-Transformer Color Code 597
Index 599