1．STATES OF MATTER 1
1．1 Introduction 1
1．2 Gases 6
1．3 Liquids 25
1．4 Solids 38
2．SOLUTIONS OF NONELECTROLYTES 46
2．1 Introduction 46
2．2 Ideality of Solutions 48
2．3 Phase Equilibria in Binary Systems 51
2．4 Distribution of a Solute Between Immiscible Solvents 69
2．5 Colligative Properties 75
3．THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY RELATIONS 89
3．1 Energy,Work,and Heat 89
3．2 Thermochemistry 97
3．3 Availability of Energy 112
3．4 Chemical Equilibrium 118
3．5 Energy Relations in Living Systems 127
4．SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES 132
4．1 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 132
4．2 Solubility Product and Complex Ion Stability Constant 139
4．3 Conductance 143
5．ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA 163
5．1 Br?nsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases 163
5．2 Aqueous Solutions and the pH Scale 164
5．3 Weak Electrolyte Equilibria 165
5．4 Equilibria Involving Several Solutes 174
5．5 Physiological Applications 188
6．OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUILIBRIA 196
6．1 Introduction 196
6．2 Galvanic Cells 197
6．3 Techniques of Potential Measurement 207
6．4 Oxidation-Reduction Titrations and Indicators 212
6．5 Organic and Biochemical Oxidation Reactions 216
6．6 Potentiometric Determination of pH 222
7．ADSORPTION AND SURFACE EFFECTS 230
7．1 Energy Relations and Adsorption 230
7．2 Liquid Surfaces 232
7．3 Adsorption on Solids 244
8．COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS 259
8．1 Nature 259
8．2 Preparation and Stability of Dispersions 260
8．3 Filtration and Particle Size 266
8．4 Optical Properties 269
8．5 Kinetic Properties 275
8．6 Electrokinetic Properties 283
8．7 Structural Properties 293
9．OSMOSIS AND MEMBRANE EFFECTS 301
9．1 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 301
9．2 Selective Permeability 308
9．3 Donnan Membrane Effects 312
9．4 Membrane Potentials 316
10．KINETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 319
10．1 Introduction 319
10．2 Kinetics of Simple Reactions 320
10．3 Reaction Orders and Rate Constants 323
10．4 Complex Reactions 329
10．5 Effect of Temperature on Rate Constant 334
10．6 Catalysis 338
10．7 Enzymie-Catalyzed Reactions 343
11．RADIATION AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 351
11．1 Electromagnetic Radiation 351
11．2 The Electronic Structure of the Atom 365
11．3 Valence 372
11．4 Polarization of Molecules 385
11．5 Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Molecules 389
12．NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 397
12．1 Structure of the Atom 397
12．2 Nuclear Reactions 400
12．3 Nuclear Radiations 413
12．4 Tracers 415
APPENDIX:MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES 419
INDEX 423