PART Ⅰ FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN EUROPE 1
CHAPTER Ⅰ．THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 3
The New National Monarchies 3
The Old Holy Roman Empire 10
The City-States 14
Northern and Eastern Europe in the year 1500 20
CHAPTER Ⅱ．THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 27
Agriculture in the Sixteenth Century 28
Towns on the Eve of the Commercial Revolution 36
Trade Prior to the Commercial Revolution 43
The Age of Exploration 49
Establishment of Colonial Empires 55
Effects of the Commercial Revolution 62
CHAPTER Ⅲ．EUROPEAN POLITICS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 74
The Emperor Charles Ⅴ 74
Philip Ⅱ and the Predominance of Spain 87
CHAPTER Ⅳ．THE PROTESTANT REVOLT AND THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION 112
The Catholic Church at the Opening of the Sixteenth Century 112
The Protestant Revolt 124
Lutheranism 130
Calvinism 139
Anglicanism 148
The Catholic reformation 156
Summary of the Religious Revolution in the Sixteenth Century 164
CHAPTER Ⅴ．THE CULTURE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 175
The Invention of Printing 177
Humanism 180
Art in the Sixteenth Century 185
National Literatures in the Sixteenth Century 193
Beginnings of Modern Natural Science 196
PART Ⅱ DYNASTIC AND COLONIAL RIVALRY 207
CHAPTER Ⅵ．THE GROWTH OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE AND THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN BOURBONS AND HABSBURGS，1589-1661 209
Growth of Absolutism in France：Henry IV，Richelieu，and Mazarin 209
Struggle between Bourbons and Habsburgs：The Thirty Years＇ War 218
CHAPTER Ⅶ．THE GROWTH OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE AND THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN BOURBONS AND HABSBURGS，1661-1743 235
The Age of Louis ⅩⅣ 235
Extension of French Frontiers 242
The War of the Spanish Succession 249
CHAPTER Ⅷ．THE TRIUMPH OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND 261
Conflicting Political Tendencies in England：Absolutism versus Parliamentarianism 261
The Puritan Revolution 274
The Restoration：the Reign of Charles Ⅱ 281
The＂Glorious Revolution＂and the Final Establishment of Parliamentary Government in Great Britain 286
CHAPTER Ⅸ．THE WORLD CONFLICT OF FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN 299
French and English Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 299
Preliminary Encounters，1689-1748 306
The Triumph of Great Britain：The Seven Years＇ War，1756-1763 312
CHAPTER Ⅹ．THE REVOLUTION WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE 322
The British Colonial System in the Eighteenth Century 322
The War of American Independence，1775-1783 332
The Reformation of the British Empire 337
CHAPTER Ⅺ．THE GERMANIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 342
The Holy Roman Empire in Decline 342
The Habsburg Dominions 344
The Rise of Prussia．The Hohenzollerns 347
The Minor German States 352
The Struggle between Hohenzollerns and Habsburgs 354
CHAPTER Ⅻ．THE RISE OF RUSSIA，AND THE DECLINE OF TURKEY，SWEDEN，AND POLAND 366
Russia in the Seventeenth Century 366
Peter the Great 369
Sweden and the Career of Charles Ⅻ 374
Catherine the Great：the Defeat of Turkey and the Dismemberment of Poland 379
PART Ⅲ ＂LIBERTY，EQUALITY，FRATERNITY＂ 393
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 395
Agriculture in the Eighteenth Century 395
Commerce and Industry in the Eighteenth Century 399
The Privileged Classes 403
Religious and Ecclesiastical Conditions in the Eighteenth Century 406
Scientific and Intellectual Developments in the Eighteenth Century 414
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 430
The British Monarchy 430
The Enlightened Despots 440
The French Monarchy 449
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 464
Introductory 464
The End of Absolutism in France，1789 468
The End of the Old Régime：the National Constituent Assembly，1789-1791 479
The Limited Monarchy in Operation：the Legislative Assemby (1791-1792) and the Outbreak of Foreign War 486
Establishment of the First French Republic：the National Convention，1792-1795 500
The Directory (1795-1799) and the Transformation of the Republic into a Military Dictatorship 512
Significance of the French Revolution 517
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．THE ERA OF NAPOLEON 523
The French Republic under the Consulate，1799-1804 523
The French Empire and its Territorial Expansion 534
Destruction of the French Empire 544
Significance of the Era of Napoleon 573
INDEX (VOLUME Ⅰ) 583