CHAPTER Ⅰ THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA 1
The Part of the Isthmus and the Strait in History 1
The Isthmus of Suez and the Isthmus of Panama：The Route from Colon to Culebra and Panama 2
View from the Hill of Ancon 9
The Natives of the Isthmus：The San Blas Indians 13
The English Raiders：Drake and Morgan 15
The Canal：Gatun Locks and Lake 19
The Great Cutting at Culebra 24
Administration and Sanitation of the Canal Zone 26
Failure of the French Undertaking due Primarily to Disease 28
Commercial Prospects of the Canal 33
General Impressions made by the Isthmus and the Canal 35
CHAPTER Ⅱ THE COAST OF PERU 37
Cold Climate of the West Coast 37
The Antarctic Current 38
Aridity and Barrenness of the Peruvian Coast 39
Payta：The Guano Islands 40
Lima：General Aspect and Buildings 46
Life and Society in Lima 51
Mollendo and the Peruvian Southern Railway 54
First View of the Andes 56
The Desert of Western Peru 57
The City of Arequipa 60
The Volcano of El Misti 61
Oriental Aspect of Arequipa 64
Character of the People of Arequipa 66
A Stroy from Colonial Days 69
CHAPTER Ⅲ CUZCO AND THE LAND OF THE INCAS 75
Physical Character of Peru 75
Crossing of the Andes from Arequipa to the Central Plateau of Lake Titicaca 80
Scenery of the Valley from the Plateau to Cuzco 81
One of the Sources of the Amazon 86
Market Day at Sicuani：The Quichua Indians 88
Cuzco：Its Situation and Aspect 95
The Spanish Buildings at Cuzco 96
The Ancient Buildings：Inca Walls 102
The Prehistoric Fortress of Sacsahuaman 107
Impression made by the Remains of Ancient Peruvian Work 114
Historical Associations of Cuzco 114
[Note on the Fortress Walls of Sacsahuaman] 118
CHAPTER Ⅳ LAKE TITICACA AND THE CENTRAL ANDES 119
The Central Plateau and the Lake 119
Inhabitants of the Plateau：The Aymara Indians 121
Scenery of Lake Titicaca 124
The Shrine of Copacavana 128
Voyage to the Sacred Islands 130
Koati：The Island of the Moon 131
The Island of the Sun 132
The Bath and Garden of the Inca 133
The Sacred Rock of the Wild Cat 135
View of the Snowy Range of Sorata or Illampu 141
The Lake of Vinamarca 143
Tiahuanaco and its Ruins 144
Impression made by the Ruins 147
Character of the Ancient Peruvian Civilization 152
The Primitive Religion of Peru 156
Government and the Policy of the Incas 160
CHAPTER Ⅴ LA PAZ AND THE BOLIVIAN DESERT 166
Origin of the Bolivian Republic 166
General Physical Character of Bolivia 167
Approach to La Paz：The Barranca 168
Climate of La Paz：The Mountain Sickness or Soroche 171
The City and its Environs 174
Character and Habits of the Bolivian Indians 179
The Plateau from La Paz to Oruro 186
Uyuni：The Great Bolivian Desert 191
Passage through the Andes 198
The Borax Lake and the Volcanoes 199
View of the Western Cordillera 203
The Desert of Atacama 204
CHAPTER Ⅵ CHILE 205
The Three Regions of Chile 206
Northern Chile：The Nitrate Fields 207
Megillones and Antofagasta 210
Valparaiso 212
Santiago 216
Pedro de Valdivia and the Rock of Santa Lucia 218
Chilean Society and Politics 220
Southern Chile：Its Climate and Scenery 223
The Coast Cities：Concepcion and Talcahuano 225
Lota Valdivia and Corral 227
The Araucanian Indians：Their History，Customs，and Religion 232
Osorno and its German Clony 239
Rio Bueno 242
Attractiveness of Southern Chile 241
Lake Rinihue and the Chilean Forests 244
CHAPTER Ⅶ ACROSS THE ANDES 248
The Andean Range 248
The Uspallata Pass from Chile into Argentina 250
Construction of the Transandine Railway 251
Scenery on the Chilean Side 253
The Tunnel under the Summit of the Cordillera 256
Scenery on the Argentine Side 256
Aconcagua and Tupungato 257
The City of Mendoza 260
Argentines and Chileans 264
Return across the Mountains and Ascent to the Cumbre 267
The Christ of the Andes 269
Observations on the Scenery of the Andes in General 271
Comparison with the Himalayas 276
[Note on the Passage of the Andes，in 1817，by the Army of General San Martin] 280
CHAPTER Ⅷ THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 283
Discovery of the Straits，and Circumnavigation of the Globe，by Magellan 284
Voyage of Sir Francis Drake 286
The Coast of Southern Chile：The Sea-birds 286
Approach to，and Entrance of，the Straits 290
The Scenery of the Western Half of the Straits 291
Punta Arenas and Tierra del Fuego 300
The Eastern Half of the Straits 304
General Observations on the Character of the Straits 305
Their Historical Importance 307
The Falkland Isles，their Character and Products 308
Their History 311
Their Scenery 313
CHAPTER Ⅸ ARGENTINA 315
The Approach to Buenos Aires 315
Aspect of the City 316
Society in Buenos Aires 318
Physical Character of Argentina 324
Inhabitants of Argentina：The Gaucho 327
Agriculture and Ranching 329
The Process of Settlement：Labour 330
The Scenery of the Pampas 334
Economic Prospects of Argentina 336
The European Immigrants 338
Character and Tendencies of Society in Argentina 341
Argentina the Most Modern of South American Countries 346
CHAPTER Ⅹ URUGUAY 349
How Uruguay became an Independent Republic 349
Resources of the Country 350
The City of Montevideo 351
Population of Uruguay：Immigrants and Natives 355
A Revolution in Uruguay 356
The Whites and the Reds 357
Causes of the Revolutionary Habit 358
Prosperity of Uruguay 362
CHAPTER Ⅺ BRAZIL 366
How Brazil fell to the Portuguese 366
Physical Features of the Different Parts of the Country 368
Voyage from Montevideo to Santos 370
Santos and the Railway to Sao Paulo 372
The City of Sao Paulo and its People 374
Approach to Rio de Janeiro 377
Aspect of Rio：The Bay and the Mountains 378
Scenery of the Environs of Rio 382
Petropolis the＂Hill Station＂of Rio 384
Excursion through the Mountains 386
A Brazilian Forest 390
Naval Mutiny at Rio 395
Economic Resources of Brazil 402
The People：German and Italian Immigrants 405
The Negroes and Indians 407
Recent History of Brazil 410
Character and Tendencies of the Brazilians 416
The Future of Brazil 420
CHAPTER Ⅻ THE RISE OF NEW NATIONS 422
The Colonial Empire of Spain divided into Sixteen Republics or Nations 423
What is a Nation？ 424
Process by which New Nations Arise 426
The Administrative Divisions of the Colonies the Basis of the Division into Republics 427
Influences which differentiate Nations 429
Geographical Position 429
Physical Environment：Climate 430
The Aborigines：Their Number and Character 432
The Struggle for Independence and the Civil Wars 434
Recent Economic Development：Immigration 437
Which of the Republics have become Nations？ 438
Chile and Argentina：Mexico，Peru，Brazil 441
The Caribbean and Central American Republics 441
Does there exist a Common Sentiment of Spanish-American Nationality？ 444
Will the Present Political Divisions be Maintained？ 447
Prospects of International Peace in South America 448
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ THE RELATIONS OF RACES IN SOUTH AMERICA 452
Importance of the Aboriginal Element in Spanish-American Countries 454
How the Native Tribes came to Survive 455
Probable Present Numbers of the Indian Population 458
The Indians in Peru and Bolivia 460
Present State of these Indians，Social and Religious 460
Ulloa＇s Report on their Condition in the Eighteenth Century 463
Universal Illiteracy of the Indians：Their Civil and Political Status 465
Relations of Indians and Whites：No＂Colour Line＂in Latin America 470
How the Presence of the Aborigines has affected the Whites 475
The Negroes in Brazil 479
Three General Conclusions regarding the Native Indians of South America 480
It is not certain that they have injured the White Race by Intermixture 481
Demoralization of the Peruvian Indians by the Spanish Con-quest，and Subsequent Oppression 481
Racial Repugnance not a Universal Phenomenon in the Rela-tions of Peoples of Different Colour 482
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ THE TWO AMERICAS AND THE RELATION OF SOUTH AMERICA TO EUROPE 484
Origin of the Name：＂America＂ 484
How it came to be applied to Two Continents 486
Some Physical Similarities of the Two Continents 488
Some Similarities in their History 489
＂Teutonic＂America and＂Latin＂America 490
Divergent History of the Two Americas 492
The Indians：The Mines：The Settlers 493
Different Methods of Government 494
The Two Wars of Independence 496
The English Colonies held together while the Spanish split Up 499
What＂Teutonic＂and Latin America have in Common 500
The Contrasts between them are More Important 504
Present Attitude of Spanish Americans to North Americans 507
Real Affinities of Spanish America are with Some European Peoples 512
Sympathy and Intercourse with Spain not very Close 513
Relations are Most Intimate with France 518
Are the South American Peoples a New Group，with a New＂Racial Type＂？ 520
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ THE CONDITIONS OF POLITICAL LIFE IN SPANISH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS 523
European Views of Spanish America during and after the War of Independence 524
Physical or Geographical Conditions affecting the Political Life 527
Racial Conditions：The Aborigines 528
Economic and Social Conditions 532
Historical Conditions in the Colonial Period 534
Historical Conditions during and since the War of Independence 536
The Peoples of the Republics began with no Experience in the Methods of Free Government 537
Some Revolutionary Leaders did not approve Democracy 538
Would Monarchy or Oligarchy have been Better？ 540
Differences between the existing Republics：Three Classes of States 541
Some have truly Republican Governments 543
Influences making for Political Progress 546
European Judgments on Spanish-American Republic unduly Severe 550
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ SOME REFLECTIONS AND FORECASTS 552
Rapid filling up of the Cultivable Areas of the World 552
Regions available for Settlement in South America 555
The Temperate Regions 556
The Selvas of the Amazonian Plain 558
Possible Future Population of South America 563
Elements，Aboriginal and White，in the Population 564
Phenomena of Race Intermixture in South America 566
No Predominant Type in the South American Peoples 568
Spanish Americans misjudged because their Conditions at Time of Independence were not Understood 570
Evidences of Social and Political Advancement 573
South America has suffered from Want of Intellectual Contact with Other Countries 574
The Spanish Race stronger on the Practical than on the Intel-lectually Creative Side 577
Backwardness of Knowledge and Intelligence in the Rural Parts of Spanish America 580
Decline in the Influence of the Church and Religion 582
Continued Vigour of the Spanish-American Race 584
NOTE Ⅰ．Some Books upon Latin America 587
NOTE Ⅱ．A Few Remarks on travelling in South America 588
INDEX 591