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CHAPTER Ⅰ THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA 1

The Part of the Isthmus and the Strait in History 1

The Isthmus of Suez and the Isthmus of Panama：The Route from Colon to Culebra and Panama 2

View from the Hill of Ancon 9

The Natives of the Isthmus：The San Blas Indians 13

The English Raiders：Drake and Morgan 15

The Canal：Gatun Locks and Lake 19

The Great Cutting at Culebra 24

Administration and Sanitation of the Canal Zone 26

Failure of the French Undertaking due Primarily to Disease 28

Commercial Prospects of the Canal 33

General Impressions made by the Isthmus and the Canal 35

CHAPTER Ⅱ THE COAST OF PERU 37

Cold Climate of the West Coast 37

The Antarctic Current 38

Aridity and Barrenness of the Peruvian Coast 39

Payta：The Guano Islands 40

Lima：General Aspect and Buildings 46

Life and Society in Lima 51

Mollendo and the Peruvian Southern Railway 54

First View of the Andes 56

The Desert of Western Peru 57

The City of Arequipa 60

The Volcano of El Misti 61

Oriental Aspect of Arequipa 64

Character of the People of Arequipa 66

A Stroy from Colonial Days 69

CHAPTER Ⅲ CUZCO AND THE LAND OF THE INCAS 75

Physical Character of Peru 75

Crossing of the Andes from Arequipa to the Central Plateau of Lake Titicaca 80

Scenery of the Valley from the Plateau to Cuzco 81

One of the Sources of the Amazon 86

Market Day at Sicuani：The Quichua Indians 88

Cuzco：Its Situation and Aspect 95

The Spanish Buildings at Cuzco 96

The Ancient Buildings：Inca Walls 102

The Prehistoric Fortress of Sacsahuaman 107

Impression made by the Remains of Ancient Peruvian Work 114

Historical Associations of Cuzco 114

[Note on the Fortress Walls of Sacsahuaman] 118

CHAPTER Ⅳ LAKE TITICACA AND THE CENTRAL ANDES 119

The Central Plateau and the Lake 119

Inhabitants of the Plateau：The Aymara Indians 121

Scenery of Lake Titicaca 124

The Shrine of Copacavana 128

Voyage to the Sacred Islands 130

Koati：The Island of the Moon 131

The Island of the Sun 132

The Bath and Garden of the Inca 133

The Sacred Rock of the Wild Cat 135

View of the Snowy Range of Sorata or Illampu 141

The Lake of Vinamarca 143

Tiahuanaco and its Ruins 144

Impression made by the Ruins 147

Character of the Ancient Peruvian Civilization 152

The Primitive Religion of Peru 156

Government and the Policy of the Incas 160

CHAPTER Ⅴ LA PAZ AND THE BOLIVIAN DESERT 166

Origin of the Bolivian Republic 166

General Physical Character of Bolivia 167

Approach to La Paz：The Barranca 168

Climate of La Paz：The Mountain Sickness or Soroche 171

The City and its Environs 174

Character and Habits of the Bolivian Indians 179

The Plateau from La Paz to Oruro 186

Uyuni：The Great Bolivian Desert 191

Passage through the Andes 198

The Borax Lake and the Volcanoes 199

View of the Western Cordillera 203

The Desert of Atacama 204

CHAPTER Ⅵ CHILE 205

The Three Regions of Chile 206

Northern Chile：The Nitrate Fields 207

Megillones and Antofagasta 210

Valparaiso 212

Santiago 216

Pedro de Valdivia and the Rock of Santa Lucia 218

Chilean Society and Politics 220

Southern Chile：Its Climate and Scenery 223

The Coast Cities：Concepcion and Talcahuano 225

Lota Valdivia and Corral 227

The Araucanian Indians：Their History，Customs，and Religion 232

Osorno and its German Clony 239

Rio Bueno 242

Attractiveness of Southern Chile 241

Lake Rinihue and the Chilean Forests 244

CHAPTER Ⅶ ACROSS THE ANDES 248

The Andean Range 248

The Uspallata Pass from Chile into Argentina 250

Construction of the Transandine Railway 251

Scenery on the Chilean Side 253

The Tunnel under the Summit of the Cordillera 256

Scenery on the Argentine Side 256

Aconcagua and Tupungato 257

The City of Mendoza 260

Argentines and Chileans 264

Return across the Mountains and Ascent to the Cumbre 267

The Christ of the Andes 269

Observations on the Scenery of the Andes in General 271

Comparison with the Himalayas 276

[Note on the Passage of the Andes，in 1817，by the Army of General San Martin] 280

CHAPTER Ⅷ THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 283

Discovery of the Straits，and Circumnavigation of the Globe，by Magellan 284

Voyage of Sir Francis Drake 286

The Coast of Southern Chile：The Sea-birds 286

Approach to，and Entrance of，the Straits 290

The Scenery of the Western Half of the Straits 291

Punta Arenas and Tierra del Fuego 300

The Eastern Half of the Straits 304

General Observations on the Character of the Straits 305

Their Historical Importance 307

The Falkland Isles，their Character and Products 308

Their History 311

Their Scenery 313

CHAPTER Ⅸ ARGENTINA 315

The Approach to Buenos Aires 315

Aspect of the City 316

Society in Buenos Aires 318

Physical Character of Argentina 324

Inhabitants of Argentina：The Gaucho 327

Agriculture and Ranching 329

The Process of Settlement：Labour 330

The Scenery of the Pampas 334

Economic Prospects of Argentina 336

The European Immigrants 338

Character and Tendencies of Society in Argentina 341

Argentina the Most Modern of South American Countries 346

CHAPTER Ⅹ URUGUAY 349

How Uruguay became an Independent Republic 349

Resources of the Country 350

The City of Montevideo 351

Population of Uruguay：Immigrants and Natives 355

A Revolution in Uruguay 356

The Whites and the Reds 357

Causes of the Revolutionary Habit 358

Prosperity of Uruguay 362

CHAPTER Ⅺ BRAZIL 366

How Brazil fell to the Portuguese 366

Physical Features of the Different Parts of the Country 368

Voyage from Montevideo to Santos 370

Santos and the Railway to Sao Paulo 372

The City of Sao Paulo and its People 374

Approach to Rio de Janeiro 377

Aspect of Rio：The Bay and the Mountains 378

Scenery of the Environs of Rio 382

Petropolis the＂Hill Station＂of Rio 384

Excursion through the Mountains 386

A Brazilian Forest 390

Naval Mutiny at Rio 395

Economic Resources of Brazil 402

The People：German and Italian Immigrants 405

The Negroes and Indians 407

Recent History of Brazil 410

Character and Tendencies of the Brazilians 416

The Future of Brazil 420

CHAPTER Ⅻ THE RISE OF NEW NATIONS 422

The Colonial Empire of Spain divided into Sixteen Republics or Nations 423

What is a Nation？ 424

Process by which New Nations Arise 426

The Administrative Divisions of the Colonies the Basis of the Division into Republics 427

Influences which differentiate Nations 429

Geographical Position 429

Physical Environment：Climate 430

The Aborigines：Their Number and Character 432

The Struggle for Independence and the Civil Wars 434

Recent Economic Development：Immigration 437

Which of the Republics have become Nations？ 438

Chile and Argentina：Mexico，Peru，Brazil 441

The Caribbean and Central American Republics 441

Does there exist a Common Sentiment of Spanish-American Nationality？ 444

Will the Present Political Divisions be Maintained？ 447

Prospects of International Peace in South America 448

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ THE RELATIONS OF RACES IN SOUTH AMERICA 452

Importance of the Aboriginal Element in Spanish-American Countries 454

How the Native Tribes came to Survive 455

Probable Present Numbers of the Indian Population 458

The Indians in Peru and Bolivia 460

Present State of these Indians，Social and Religious 460

Ulloa＇s Report on their Condition in the Eighteenth Century 463

Universal Illiteracy of the Indians：Their Civil and Political Status 465

Relations of Indians and Whites：No＂Colour Line＂in Latin America 470

How the Presence of the Aborigines has affected the Whites 475

The Negroes in Brazil 479

Three General Conclusions regarding the Native Indians of South America 480

It is not certain that they have injured the White Race by Intermixture 481

Demoralization of the Peruvian Indians by the Spanish Con-quest，and Subsequent Oppression 481

Racial Repugnance not a Universal Phenomenon in the Rela-tions of Peoples of Different Colour 482

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ THE TWO AMERICAS AND THE RELATION OF SOUTH AMERICA TO EUROPE 484

Origin of the Name：＂America＂ 484

How it came to be applied to Two Continents 486

Some Physical Similarities of the Two Continents 488

Some Similarities in their History 489

＂Teutonic＂America and＂Latin＂America 490

Divergent History of the Two Americas 492

The Indians：The Mines：The Settlers 493

Different Methods of Government 494

The Two Wars of Independence 496

The English Colonies held together while the Spanish split Up 499

What＂Teutonic＂and Latin America have in Common 500

The Contrasts between them are More Important 504

Present Attitude of Spanish Americans to North Americans 507

Real Affinities of Spanish America are with Some European Peoples 512

Sympathy and Intercourse with Spain not very Close 513

Relations are Most Intimate with France 518

Are the South American Peoples a New Group，with a New＂Racial Type＂？ 520

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ THE CONDITIONS OF POLITICAL LIFE IN SPANISH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS 523

European Views of Spanish America during and after the War of Independence 524

Physical or Geographical Conditions affecting the Political Life 527

Racial Conditions：The Aborigines 528

Economic and Social Conditions 532

Historical Conditions in the Colonial Period 534

Historical Conditions during and since the War of Independence 536

The Peoples of the Republics began with no Experience in the Methods of Free Government 537

Some Revolutionary Leaders did not approve Democracy 538

Would Monarchy or Oligarchy have been Better？ 540

Differences between the existing Republics：Three Classes of States 541

Some have truly Republican Governments 543

Influences making for Political Progress 546

European Judgments on Spanish-American Republic unduly Severe 550

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ SOME REFLECTIONS AND FORECASTS 552

Rapid filling up of the Cultivable Areas of the World 552

Regions available for Settlement in South America 555

The Temperate Regions 556

The Selvas of the Amazonian Plain 558

Possible Future Population of South America 563

Elements，Aboriginal and White，in the Population 564

Phenomena of Race Intermixture in South America 566

No Predominant Type in the South American Peoples 568

Spanish Americans misjudged because their Conditions at Time of Independence were not Understood 570

Evidences of Social and Political Advancement 573

South America has suffered from Want of Intellectual Contact with Other Countries 574

The Spanish Race stronger on the Practical than on the Intel-lectually Creative Side 577

Backwardness of Knowledge and Intelligence in the Rural Parts of Spanish America 580

Decline in the Influence of the Church and Religion 582

Continued Vigour of the Spanish-American Race 584

NOTE Ⅰ．Some Books upon Latin America 587

NOTE Ⅱ．A Few Remarks on travelling in South America 588

INDEX 591