1．INTRODUCTION 1
2．THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND，1620-1928 4
A Colonial Marketplace，1620-1820 4
The Empire City，1820-1870 9
Industrial Metropolis，1870-1928 19
3．THE NEWEST IMMIGRANTS 43
4．PATTERNS OF ADJUSTMENT 62
5．FORMS OF SOCIAL ACTION 106
6．CONCLUSION 120
APPENDIX：Motives for Negro Migration to the Suburbs 125
TABLES 132
1．Estimated Population of New York，1656-1786 132
2．Population of New York City，1790-1820 132
3．Population of New York City，1820-1870 132
4．Negro Population，Slave and Free，New York State，1790-1860 133
5．Colored Population of New York City，1860 133
6．White Population of New York City，1860 134
7．Population of New York City，1870-1950 135
8．Population of New York City and Vicinity，by Color and Place of Birth，1910 136
9．Commuters Carried Daily by Leading Railroads，1929 134
10．Foreign White Stock in New York City，1940 137
11．Alien Address Reports Received from New York City，1958 137
12．Percentage of Negroes in the Population of New York State，1790-1910 138
13．Native Negro Population 139
14．Negro Population of the Large Municipalities other than New York City in the New York Metropolitan Region，1910，1950 138
15．New York State Native Negro Population，by Nativity，1910 140
16．Foreign-born Negroes，United States，1850-1910 140
17．Rate of Increase of Puerto Rico＇s Population，1887-1956 141
18．Population of Puerto Rico，1860-1956 141
19．Net Puerto Rican Migration to the Continental United States 142
20．Puerto Rican Population of Continental United States，1940-1956 142
21．Puerto Rican Migration to New York City，1950-1956 143
22．Puerto Rican Population of New York City，1940-1956 143
23．Negroes in the United States，Percentage Increase in Preceding Decade，1800-1910 144
24．Percentage of Public Elementary and High School Students，by Ethnic Groups，1957 144
25．Distribution of Puerto Rican and Foreign-born Pupils，by Borough and Total，October 31，1956 145
26．Comparison of Census Summaries of 1955 and 1956，Puerto Ricans and Foreign-born，New York City Public Schools 146
27．Assembly Districts in New York City，1910，with More than 5 Per Cent Negroes 146
28．New Jersey Wards with More than 5 Per Cent Negroes，1910 147
29．Percentage of Public Housing in New York City Occupied by Negroes 147
30．Occupants of Public Housing，by Ethnic Groups，March 1957 148
31．Puerto Rican Population，by Boroughs，1956 147
NOTES 149
INDEX 169