INTRODUCTION NORTH WEST AFRICA (AL-MAGHRIB ALARABI) AND ITS PEOPLE 1
1．In Antiquity 9
2．The Middle Ages 15
3．The End of the Middle Ages 26
4．The Barbary States 28
5．The European Occupation 39
6．The Struggle for Independence 47
PART ONE THE WESTERN MAGHRIB (AL-MAGHRIB AL-AQSA) 73
Ⅰ．THE KINGDOM OF MOROCCO (AL-MAMLAKAT AL-MAGHRIBIYA) 75
FROM MEDIEVAL EMPIRE TO MODERN KINGDOM 75
Geography and Population 75
History：the French Protectorate 82
Government and Political Life 100
Social Conditions 112
Economic Conditions 120
MOROCCAN RELATIONS WITH SPAIN FROM ANTIQUITY TILL 1912 137
THE SPANISH PROTECTORATE IN THE NORTHERN ZONE，1912-56 143
History 144
Administration and Political Life 163
Social Conditions 166
Economic Conditions 168
THE TANGIER INTERNATIONAL ZONE，1912-57 172
Ⅱ．THE GARRISON TOWNS OF CEUTA AND MELILLA，THE CHAFARINAS ISLANDS，AND THE PENONS OF ALHUCEMAS AND GOMERA 181
Ceuta and Melilla 181
The Island Presidios and Penons 188
Ⅲ．SPANISH WEST AFRICA AND TARFAYA 189
PART TWO ALGERIA (AL-JAZAIR) AND THE SAHARA (AL-SAHRA) 199
Ⅳ．ALGERIA (AL-JAZAIR) 201
Geography and Population 201
History 206
Government and Political Life 220
Social Conditions 235
Economic Conditions 241
Conclusion：Proposed Solutions 255
Ⅴ．THE SAHARA (ORGANISATION COMMUNE DES REGIONS SAHARIENNES) 257
Ⅵ．MAURITANIA (SHINQIT) AND THE FAR SOUTH 263
Social and Economic Conditions 272
PART THREE THE EASTERN MAGHRIB (AL-MAGHRIB AL-ADNA) 277
Ⅶ．RELATIONS OF ITALY WITH THE EASTERN MAGHRIB 279
Ⅷ．THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA (AL-JUMHURIYAT AL-TUNISIYA) 288
Geography and Population 288
History 295
Government and Political Life 308
Social Conditions 319
Economic Conditions 326
Ⅸ．THE UNITED KINGDOM OF LIBYA (MAMLAKATU LIBIYA AL-MUTTAHIDA) 341
Geography and Population 341
History 347
Government and Political Life 357
Social Conditions 362
Economic Conditions 365
ADDENDA 379
1．Developments in 1958：Algeria，Morocco，Tunisia 379
2．Note concerning Muslim Slaves in Malta 382
3．Camoens＇ Description of the Spanish Sahara 382
SHORT LIST OF USEFUL BOOKS 383
INDEX 393