RENE DESCARTES 1
Discourse on Method，PARTS Ⅰ-Ⅲ 5
Meditations on First Philosophy 25
Supplementary Passages 80
Intuition and Deduction 80
Metaphysical Doubt and Certainty 81
The Cogito 82
The Clearness and Distinctness Criterion 83
Infinity and the Idea of God 83
Innate Ideas 85
Eternal Truths 86
Is Descartes＇ Argument Circular？ 87
Substance 88
Modes 89
Space and Bodies 91
The Pineal Gland 93
The Automatism of Brutes 94
BLAISE PASCAL 97
Thoughts (abridged) 100
BARUCH SPINOZA 137
Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (abridged) 140
Theologico-Political Treatise，CHAPTER ⅩⅩ 227
Supplementary Passages 235
Experience and Definition 235
Substance and Attribute 235
Natura Naturata 236
Man＇s Dependence upon God 236
Method 237
Excusability 238
The Natue of Evil 239
GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON LEIBNIZ 241
First Truths 245
Discourse on Metaphysics 250
Monadology 288
Supplementary Passages 302
Necessary and Contingent Truths 302
Space and Time 304
Expression 305
The Ontological Argument 306
The Relation between Soul and Body 308
Progress 310
Possibility and Existence 311
Matter 312
Monads 313
The Pre-established Harmony 314
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU 317
The Social Contract (abridged) 321
IMMANUEL KANT 365
Critique of Pure Reason (abridged) 370
Supplementary Passages 470
The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative 470
The Postulates of Practical Reason 476
Taste and the Aesthetic Judgment 483
JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE 487
The Vocation of Man，BOOK Ⅲ 490
GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL 533
Introduction to the Philosophy of History 537
Logic (PART Ⅰ of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences)，Chapter 7，A 609
Supplementary Passages 633
Philosophy and the Actual World 633
Dialectic 635
Spirit 636
Art 639
Religion 642
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER 645
The World as Will and Idea (abridged) 648
AUGUSTE COMTE 729
A General View of Positivism，CHAPTERS Ⅰ and Ⅵ (abridged) 732
ERNST MACH 765
The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical，CHAPTERS Ⅰ and ⅩⅤ 768
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 801
Beyond Good and Evil (abridged) 805
Supplementary Passages 852
The Will to Power 852
Eternal Recurrence 854
The Superman 856
Good and Evil 858
Christianity 863
Conscience 865
Art 869