CHAPTER Ⅰ EVOLUTION AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 13
General Considerations 13
Functional Factors in Neural Differentiation 14
Beginnings of the Nervous System 17
The Nervous System of Worms 19
The Nervous System of Arthropods 21
General Plan of the Vertebrate Nervous System 21
The Spinal Cord 22
The Brain 23
Dogfish 23
Other Fishes 28
Amphibians 28
Reptiles 28
Birds 31
Mammals 32
Comparative Size and Weight of the Brain 34
CHAPTER Ⅱ ORIGIN AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE 37
The Neural Tube 37
The Neural Crests 38
Differentiation in the Neural Tube 39
Early Development of the Brain 40
Derivatives of the Five Divisions of the Brain 41
CHAPTER Ⅲ TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 47
The Spinal Cord 47
Form and Relationships 47
Longitudinal Furrows 48
Nerve Roots 51
Funiculi 52
The Medulla Oblongata 53
Form and Relationships 53
Longitudinal Furrows 53
Surface Areas 53
The Pons 56
Form and Relationships 56
Anterior Surface 57
Posterior Surface 57
The Fourth Ventricle 57
Form and Relationships 57
Fossa Rhomboidea 58
The Cerebellum 59
Form and Relationships 59
The Isthmus 60
The Mid-brain 61
Lamina Quadrigemina 61
Pedunculi Cerebri 62
The Fore-brain 63
Form and Relationships 63
Basis Cerebri 63
Pallium 63
CHAPTER Ⅳ THE CEREBROSPINAL PATHWAY 69
The Meninges 69
The Dura Mater 69
The Arachnoid 69
The Pia Mater 70
The Cerebrospinal Fluid 71
CHAPTER Ⅴ MORPHOLOGY OF THE NERVE CELLS 75
Histogenesis of the Nerve Cells 75
The Neuron 78
General Morphology 78
Axon Sheaths 81
Internal Structure 82
The Neuron Theory 85
The Synapse 85
Dynamic Polarization 87
Axon Degeneration and Regeneration 88
CHAPTER Ⅵ INTERSTITIAL TISSUE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 91
The Neuroglia 91
The Microglia 93
The Ependyma 94
The Functions of the Interstitial Tissue 94
CHAPTER Ⅶ MYELINIZATION 97
Myelin 97
Morphology of Myelin Sheaths 97
Relationships of Neurilemma and Neuroglia Cells to Myelin Sheaths 98
Origin of Myelin 99
Time and Sequence of Myelinization 100
Cerebrospinal Nerves 101
Ascending and Descending Fiber Tracts 102
Connecting Fibers 103
Myelinization and Function 103
CHAPTER Ⅷ NERVOUS INTEGRATION 105
Reflex Circuits 105
Central Conduction Pathways 107
Neuron Patterns 109
Receptors 110
Definition and Classification 110
Morphology 111
Neuro-effector Connections 115
Motor End-plates 116
Visceral Efferent Terminations 116
CHAPTER Ⅸ THE CEREBROSPINAL NERVES 120
Definition 120
The Spinal Nerves 120
The Cranial Nerves 125
Functional Classification of Cerebrospinal Nerve Components 126
The Cerebrospinal Ganglia 128
CHAPTER Ⅹ INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD 132
The Constituent Tissues 132
Gray Matter 134
Topography 134
Arrangement of Nerve Cells 136
White Matter 141
Regional Characteristics of the Spinal Cord 142
Spinal Integrating Mechanisms 143
Primary Motor Neurons and Their Connections 144
CHAPTER Ⅺ PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL SPINAL CONDUCTION PATHWAYS 148
Spinal Fasciculi 148
Intramedullary Courses of the Posterior Root Fibers 148
Functional Specificity of Posterior Root Fibers 150
Ascending Fiber Tracts 152
Proprioceptive 152
Exteroceptive 154
Fasciculi Proprii 158
Descending Fiber Tracts 160
Corticospinal Tracts 160
Rubrospinal Tracts 162
Tectospinal Tracts 162
Vestibulospinal Tracts 162
Reticulospinal Tracts 162
Bulbospinal Tract 163
Fiber Tract Degeneration 163
CHAPTER Ⅻ THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA 167
General Morphology 167
Constituent Tissues 167
Lower Cranial Nerves and Their Central Connections 167
Distribution of Gray and White Matter 168
The Pyramids and the Corticospinal Decussation 171
Intrinsic Structure 173
Nucleus Gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus 173
The Medial Lemniscus and Its Decussation 173
The Trigeminospinal Tract and the Trigeminal Lemniscus 175
The Dorsal Tegmental Tract 175
The Arcuate Fibers 175
The Olivary Nuclei 176
The Restiform Body 177
The Reticular Formation 178
The Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves 180
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ THE PONS 185
Tegmental Portion 185
Vestibular Nuclei 186
Cochlear Nuclei 186
The Trapezoid Body and the Lateral Lemniscus 187
The Nucleus of the Facial Nerve 190
The Nucleus of the Abducens Nerve 190
The Superior Olivary Nucleus 190
Nuclei of the Trigeminal Nerve 191
The Locus Caeruleus 192
Other Reticular Nuclei 192
The Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 192
The Medial Lemniscus 194
The Brachium Conjunctivum 194
Basilar Portion 195
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ THE MESENCEPHALON 198
The Tectum 199
Inferior Colliculus 199
Superior Colliculus 201
The Tegmentum 202
Central Gray Stratum 203
Minor Tegmental Nuclei 204
Brachia Conjunctiva 205
Red Nucleus 206
Tegmental Decussations 207
Substantia Nigra 207
Basis Pedunculi 208
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ LONG CONDUCTION PATHWAYS 210
Definition and Classification 210
Ascending Conduction Pathways 210
Proprioceptive 210
Exteroceptive 213
Descending Conduction Pathways 215
The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts 215
The Rubrospinal Tract 217
The Rubrocervical Tract 217
The Tectospinal Tracts 217
The Vestibulospinal Tract 218
The Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 218
The Reticulospinal Tracts 220
Sequence of Myelinization 220
Ascending Tracts 220
Descending Tracts 221
Summary of Long Conduction Pathways 222
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ CENTRAL CONNECTIONS OF THE CRANIAL NERVES CONNECTED WITH THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA，PONS AND MESENCEPHALON 225
Functional Classification of Neurons 225
Nuclear Columns 225
The Somatic Efferent Column 225
The Special Visceral Efferent Column 226
The General Visceral Efferent Column 227
The Visceral Afferent Column 228
The General Somatic Afferent Column 228
The Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei 229
Central Connections of the Cranial Nerves 229
The Hypoglossal Nerve 229
The Accessory Nerve 229
The Vagus and Glossopharyngeal Nerves 231
The Acoustic Nerve 232
The Facial Nerve 235
The Abducens Nerve 237
The Trigeminal Nerve 238
The Trochlear Nerve 240
The Oculomotor Nerve 240
Summary of Components，Central Connections and Distribution of Cranial Nerves 242
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ THE CEREBELLUM 245
Development 245
Anatomy 247
Topography 247
Plan of Organization 249
Arrangement of the Gray and White Matter 251
Histological Structure of the Cortex 252
The Cerebellar Nuclei 256
The White Matter 258
Cerebellar Peduncles 258
Functional Relationships 263
Older Theories 263
Synergia 264
Localization 265
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ THE DIENCEPHALON 271
Position and Relationships 271
The Third Ventricle 273
Anatomic Subdivisions 274
Epithalamus 274
Dorsal Thalamus 276
Ventral Thalamus 280
Hypothalamus 281
Functional Relationships 288
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ THE VISUAL APPARATUS 295
Retina and Optic Nerve Development 295
Structure 295
The Optic Tracts and Their Central Connections 298
The Optic Radiation 300
Projection of the Retina Upon the Cerebral Cortex 301
Significance of Partial Optic Decussation 303
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 305
Definition 305
Ontogeny 306
Structure and Relationships 309
Sympathetic Trunks 309
Prevertebral Plexuses 312
Enteric Plexuses 312
Intrinsic Plexuses of Pelvic Organs 313
Cephalic Sympathetic Plexuses 313
Cephalic Autonomic Ganglia 313
Ratio of Preganglionic Neurons to Ganglion Cells 314
Central Autonomic Centers and Conduction Pathways 314
Spinal Centers 314
Autonomic Centers in the Medulla Oblongata and Mesencephalon 314
Autonomic Centers in the Diencephalon 315
Cortical Connections with Autonomic Centers 315
Autonomic Conduction Pathways 316
General Physiology 317
Functional Significance of Ganglionic Neurons 317
Chemical Mediation of Nerve Impulses 317
Afferent Neurons Functionally Associated with the Autonomic System 318
Antagonistic Action of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves 319
Functional Interrelationships of the Autonomic System and the Endocrine Glands 320
Regulation of Autonomic Functions Through Centers in the Brain Stem 321
Cortical Regulation of Autonomic Functions 322
Summary of the Chief Peripheral Autonomic Conduction Pathways 323
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES： GENERAL MORPHOLOGY 326
Phylogenetio Considerations 326
Ontogeny 326
Cerebral Evagination 326
Rhinencephalon 327
Corpus Striatum and Cortex 329
The Chorioid Fissure and the Chorioid Plexus 332
Hippocampal Formation 332
Cerebral Commissures 333
Surface Anatomy 335
Cerebral Fissures 335
Cerebral Lobes 338
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ THE OLFACTORY APPARATUS 346
Olfactory Epithelium 346
Olfactory Nerve 347
Olfactory Bulb 348
Nervus Terminalis 348
The Olfactory Tract 349
Hippocampal and Striatal Connections 349
Olfactory Reflex Connections 351
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES： INTERNAL STRUCTURE 355
Lateral Ventricles 355
Form and Relationships 355
Basal Ganglia 358
The Caudate Nucleus 358
The Lentiform Nucleus 358
The Amygdaloid Nucleus 360
The External Capsule 362
The Claustrum 362
Anatomic Relationships 363
Striatal Connections 366
Functional Relationships 369
Projection Fibers 370
The Internal Capsule 370
Corona Radiata 372
Thalamic Radiation 372
Cerebral Commissures 372
The Hippocampal Commissure 372
The Anterior Commissure 372
The Corpus Callosum 373
Association Fibers 374
The Cingulum 375
The Uncinate Fasciculus 375
The Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus 375
The Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus 375
The Occipitofrontal Fasciculus 375
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 379
General Morphology 379
Relationships and Components 379
Cortical Neurons 379
The Pyramidal Cells 379
The Polymorphic Cells 379
The Granule Cells 380
The Horizontal Cells of Cajal 380
The Cells of Martinotti 380
Special Cortical Neurons 380
Nerve Fibers 381
Cortical Layers 382
Intracortical Connections 385
Cortical Areas 388
Cytoarchitectural Types 390
Projection Areas 394
Efferent Projection Areas 395
Afferent Projection Areas 398
Association Areas 400
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 403
Primary Sensory and Motor Functions 403
Functional Significance of Cortical Layers 404
Are the Higher Cortical Functions Localizable？ 404
Functional Localization in the Frontal Lobe 405
Sensory Localization 407
Association Areas 408
Aphasia 409
Apraxia and Agnosia 410
Localization 411
Unilateral Cerebral Dominance 413
Cortical Reinforcement and Inhibition 418
Higher Cortical Functions 419
Essential Cortical Differences Between Man and the Lower Animals 420
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ LABORATORY OUTLINE 426
Methods of Study 426
Nervous System and Sense Organs of the Dogfish 427
The Mammalian Nervous System 432
The Fetal Nervous System 432
The Adult Nervous System 433
General Inspection of the Human Brain 435
The Spinal Cord 441
The Brain Stem 442
Reconstruction of the Chief Conduction Systems 446
The Fore-brain 447
Clinical Illustrations 451
General Neu rological Literature 461