A Text-Book of Neuro-AnatomyPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER Ⅰ EVOLUTION AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 13

General Considerations 13

Functional Factors in Neural Differentiation 14

Beginnings of the Nervous System 17

The Nervous System of Worms 19

The Nervous System of Arthropods 21

General Plan of the Vertebrate Nervous System 21

The Spinal Cord 22

The Brain 23

Dogfish 23

Other Fishes 28

Amphibians 28

Reptiles 28

Birds 31

Mammals 32

Comparative Size and Weight of the Brain 34

CHAPTER Ⅱ ORIGIN AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE 37

The Neural Tube 37

The Neural Crests 38

Differentiation in the Neural Tube 39

Early Development of the Brain 40

Derivatives of the Five Divisions of the Brain 41

CHAPTER Ⅲ TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 47

The Spinal Cord 47

Form and Relationships 47

Longitudinal Furrows 48

Nerve Roots 51

Funiculi 52

The Medulla Oblongata 53

Form and Relationships 53

Longitudinal Furrows 53

Surface Areas 53

The Pons 56

Form and Relationships 56

Anterior Surface 57

Posterior Surface 57

The Fourth Ventricle 57

Form and Relationships 57

Fossa Rhomboidea 58

The Cerebellum 59

Form and Relationships 59

The Isthmus 60

The Mid-brain 61

Lamina Quadrigemina 61

Pedunculi Cerebri 62

The Fore-brain 63

Form and Relationships 63

Basis Cerebri 63

Pallium 63

CHAPTER Ⅳ THE CEREBROSPINAL PATHWAY 69

The Meninges 69

The Dura Mater 69

The Arachnoid 69

The Pia Mater 70

The Cerebrospinal Fluid 71

CHAPTER Ⅴ MORPHOLOGY OF THE NERVE CELLS 75

Histogenesis of the Nerve Cells 75

The Neuron 78

General Morphology 78

Axon Sheaths 81

Internal Structure 82

The Neuron Theory 85

The Synapse 85

Dynamic Polarization 87

Axon Degeneration and Regeneration 88

CHAPTER Ⅵ INTERSTITIAL TISSUE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 91

The Neuroglia 91

The Microglia 93

The Ependyma 94

The Functions of the Interstitial Tissue 94

CHAPTER Ⅶ MYELINIZATION 97

Myelin 97

Morphology of Myelin Sheaths 97

Relationships of Neurilemma and Neuroglia Cells to Myelin Sheaths 98

Origin of Myelin 99

Time and Sequence of Myelinization 100

Cerebrospinal Nerves 101

Ascending and Descending Fiber Tracts 102

Connecting Fibers 103

Myelinization and Function 103

CHAPTER Ⅷ NERVOUS INTEGRATION 105

Reflex Circuits 105

Central Conduction Pathways 107

Neuron Patterns 109

Receptors 110

Definition and Classification 110

Morphology 111

Neuro-effector Connections 115

Motor End-plates 116

Visceral Efferent Terminations 116

CHAPTER Ⅸ THE CEREBROSPINAL NERVES 120

Definition 120

The Spinal Nerves 120

The Cranial Nerves 125

Functional Classification of Cerebrospinal Nerve Components 126

The Cerebrospinal Ganglia 128

CHAPTER Ⅹ INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD 132

The Constituent Tissues 132

Gray Matter 134

Topography 134

Arrangement of Nerve Cells 136

White Matter 141

Regional Characteristics of the Spinal Cord 142

Spinal Integrating Mechanisms 143

Primary Motor Neurons and Their Connections 144

CHAPTER Ⅺ PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL SPINAL CONDUCTION PATHWAYS 148

Spinal Fasciculi 148

Intramedullary Courses of the Posterior Root Fibers 148

Functional Specificity of Posterior Root Fibers 150

Ascending Fiber Tracts 152

Proprioceptive 152

Exteroceptive 154

Fasciculi Proprii 158

Descending Fiber Tracts 160

Corticospinal Tracts 160

Rubrospinal Tracts 162

Tectospinal Tracts 162

Vestibulospinal Tracts 162

Reticulospinal Tracts 162

Bulbospinal Tract 163

Fiber Tract Degeneration 163

CHAPTER Ⅻ THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA 167

General Morphology 167

Constituent Tissues 167

Lower Cranial Nerves and Their Central Connections 167

Distribution of Gray and White Matter 168

The Pyramids and the Corticospinal Decussation 171

Intrinsic Structure 173

Nucleus Gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus 173

The Medial Lemniscus and Its Decussation 173

The Trigeminospinal Tract and the Trigeminal Lemniscus 175

The Dorsal Tegmental Tract 175

The Arcuate Fibers 175

The Olivary Nuclei 176

The Restiform Body 177

The Reticular Formation 178

The Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves 180

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ THE PONS 185

Tegmental Portion 185

Vestibular Nuclei 186

Cochlear Nuclei 186

The Trapezoid Body and the Lateral Lemniscus 187

The Nucleus of the Facial Nerve 190

The Nucleus of the Abducens Nerve 190

The Superior Olivary Nucleus 190

Nuclei of the Trigeminal Nerve 191

The Locus Caeruleus 192

Other Reticular Nuclei 192

The Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 192

The Medial Lemniscus 194

The Brachium Conjunctivum 194

Basilar Portion 195

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ THE MESENCEPHALON 198

The Tectum 199

Inferior Colliculus 199

Superior Colliculus 201

The Tegmentum 202

Central Gray Stratum 203

Minor Tegmental Nuclei 204

Brachia Conjunctiva 205

Red Nucleus 206

Tegmental Decussations 207

Substantia Nigra 207

Basis Pedunculi 208

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ LONG CONDUCTION PATHWAYS 210

Definition and Classification 210

Ascending Conduction Pathways 210

Proprioceptive 210

Exteroceptive 213

Descending Conduction Pathways 215

The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts 215

The Rubrospinal Tract 217

The Rubrocervical Tract 217

The Tectospinal Tracts 217

The Vestibulospinal Tract 218

The Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 218

The Reticulospinal Tracts 220

Sequence of Myelinization 220

Ascending Tracts 220

Descending Tracts 221

Summary of Long Conduction Pathways 222

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ CENTRAL CONNECTIONS OF THE CRANIAL NERVES CONNECTED WITH THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA，PONS AND MESENCEPHALON 225

Functional Classification of Neurons 225

Nuclear Columns 225

The Somatic Efferent Column 225

The Special Visceral Efferent Column 226

The General Visceral Efferent Column 227

The Visceral Afferent Column 228

The General Somatic Afferent Column 228

The Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei 229

Central Connections of the Cranial Nerves 229

The Hypoglossal Nerve 229

The Accessory Nerve 229

The Vagus and Glossopharyngeal Nerves 231

The Acoustic Nerve 232

The Facial Nerve 235

The Abducens Nerve 237

The Trigeminal Nerve 238

The Trochlear Nerve 240

The Oculomotor Nerve 240

Summary of Components，Central Connections and Distribution of Cranial Nerves 242

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ THE CEREBELLUM 245

Development 245

Anatomy 247

Topography 247

Plan of Organization 249

Arrangement of the Gray and White Matter 251

Histological Structure of the Cortex 252

The Cerebellar Nuclei 256

The White Matter 258

Cerebellar Peduncles 258

Functional Relationships 263

Older Theories 263

Synergia 264

Localization 265

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ THE DIENCEPHALON 271

Position and Relationships 271

The Third Ventricle 273

Anatomic Subdivisions 274

Epithalamus 274

Dorsal Thalamus 276

Ventral Thalamus 280

Hypothalamus 281

Functional Relationships 288

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ THE VISUAL APPARATUS 295

Retina and Optic Nerve Development 295

Structure 295

The Optic Tracts and Their Central Connections 298

The Optic Radiation 300

Projection of the Retina Upon the Cerebral Cortex 301

Significance of Partial Optic Decussation 303

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 305

Definition 305

Ontogeny 306

Structure and Relationships 309

Sympathetic Trunks 309

Prevertebral Plexuses 312

Enteric Plexuses 312

Intrinsic Plexuses of Pelvic Organs 313

Cephalic Sympathetic Plexuses 313

Cephalic Autonomic Ganglia 313

Ratio of Preganglionic Neurons to Ganglion Cells 314

Central Autonomic Centers and Conduction Pathways 314

Spinal Centers 314

Autonomic Centers in the Medulla Oblongata and Mesencephalon 314

Autonomic Centers in the Diencephalon 315

Cortical Connections with Autonomic Centers 315

Autonomic Conduction Pathways 316

General Physiology 317

Functional Significance of Ganglionic Neurons 317

Chemical Mediation of Nerve Impulses 317

Afferent Neurons Functionally Associated with the Autonomic System 318

Antagonistic Action of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves 319

Functional Interrelationships of the Autonomic System and the Endocrine Glands 320

Regulation of Autonomic Functions Through Centers in the Brain Stem 321

Cortical Regulation of Autonomic Functions 322

Summary of the Chief Peripheral Autonomic Conduction Pathways 323

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES： GENERAL MORPHOLOGY 326

Phylogenetio Considerations 326

Ontogeny 326

Cerebral Evagination 326

Rhinencephalon 327

Corpus Striatum and Cortex 329

The Chorioid Fissure and the Chorioid Plexus 332

Hippocampal Formation 332

Cerebral Commissures 333

Surface Anatomy 335

Cerebral Fissures 335

Cerebral Lobes 338

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ THE OLFACTORY APPARATUS 346

Olfactory Epithelium 346

Olfactory Nerve 347

Olfactory Bulb 348

Nervus Terminalis 348

The Olfactory Tract 349

Hippocampal and Striatal Connections 349

Olfactory Reflex Connections 351

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES： INTERNAL STRUCTURE 355

Lateral Ventricles 355

Form and Relationships 355

Basal Ganglia 358

The Caudate Nucleus 358

The Lentiform Nucleus 358

The Amygdaloid Nucleus 360

The External Capsule 362

The Claustrum 362

Anatomic Relationships 363

Striatal Connections 366

Functional Relationships 369

Projection Fibers 370

The Internal Capsule 370

Corona Radiata 372

Thalamic Radiation 372

Cerebral Commissures 372

The Hippocampal Commissure 372

The Anterior Commissure 372

The Corpus Callosum 373

Association Fibers 374

The Cingulum 375

The Uncinate Fasciculus 375

The Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus 375

The Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus 375

The Occipitofrontal Fasciculus 375

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 379

General Morphology 379

Relationships and Components 379

Cortical Neurons 379

The Pyramidal Cells 379

The Polymorphic Cells 379

The Granule Cells 380

The Horizontal Cells of Cajal 380

The Cells of Martinotti 380

Special Cortical Neurons 380

Nerve Fibers 381

Cortical Layers 382

Intracortical Connections 385

Cortical Areas 388

Cytoarchitectural Types 390

Projection Areas 394

Efferent Projection Areas 395

Afferent Projection Areas 398

Association Areas 400

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 403

Primary Sensory and Motor Functions 403

Functional Significance of Cortical Layers 404

Are the Higher Cortical Functions Localizable？ 404

Functional Localization in the Frontal Lobe 405

Sensory Localization 407

Association Areas 408

Aphasia 409

Apraxia and Agnosia 410

Localization 411

Unilateral Cerebral Dominance 413

Cortical Reinforcement and Inhibition 418

Higher Cortical Functions 419

Essential Cortical Differences Between Man and the Lower Animals 420

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ LABORATORY OUTLINE 426

Methods of Study 426

Nervous System and Sense Organs of the Dogfish 427

The Mammalian Nervous System 432

The Fetal Nervous System 432

The Adult Nervous System 433

General Inspection of the Human Brain 435

The Spinal Cord 441

The Brain Stem 442

Reconstruction of the Chief Conduction Systems 446

The Fore-brain 447

Clinical Illustrations 451

General Neu rological Literature 461