1 INTRODUCTION 1
What Is Comparative Politics？ 3
The Comparative Method 3
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research 6
Debates in Comparative Politics 7
A Guiding Approach：Political Institutions 14
A Guiding Idea：Reconciling Freedom and Equality 16
In Sum：Looking Ahead 18
2 STATES 20
Defining the State 20
The Origins of Political Organization 25
The Rise of the Modern State 28
Comparing State Power 33
Legitimacy 34
Centralization or Decentralization 37
In Sum：Studying States 41
3 NATIONS AND SOCIETY 44
Ethnic Identity 45
National Identity 47
Citizenship and Patriotism 49
Ethnic Identity，National Identity，and Citizenship：Origins and Persistence 51
Sources of Ethnic and National Conflict 53
Political Attitudes and Political Ideology 56
Political Attitudes 57
Political Ideology 61
Fundamentalism and the Crisis of Ideology 65
Political Culture 70
In Sum：Society and Politics 74
4 POLITICAL ECONOMY 77
The Components of Political Economy 78
Markets and Property 78
Public Goods 80
Social Expenditures：Who Benefits？ 81
Taxation 82
Money，Inflation，and Unemployment 82
Regulation 86
Trade 87
Political-Economic Systems 89
Liberalism 90
Social Democracy 91
Communism 95
Mercantilism 97
Political-Economic Systems and the State：Comparing Outcomes 100
Gross Domestic Product（GDP） 100
GiniIndex 102
Human Development Index（HDI） 104
The Future of Political Economy 106
In Sum：The End of Economic History？ 108
5 AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM 110
Defining Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism 110
Sources of Nondemocratic Rule 113
Economic Sources of Nondemocratic Rule 113
Societal Sources of Nondemocratic Rule 115
Nondemocratic Regimes and Political Control 118
Coercion and Surveillance 118
Co-optation 120
Personality Cults 122
Nondemocratic Regimes and Legitimacy 123
Types of Nondemocratic Rule 124
Personal and Monarchical Rule 124
Military Rule 125
One-Party Rule 127
Theocracy 128
Illiberal Regimes 130
In Sum：Nondemocratic Regimes in Retreat？ 131
6 DEMOCRACY 134
What Is Democracy？ 135
The Origins of Liberal Democracy and the Rule of Law 136
Athenian Democracy and Roman Republicanism 137
England：The Birthplace o f Liberal Democracy 137
Institutionalizing Democracy 140
Participation：Voting and Elections 140
Electoral Systems 142
Referendum and Initiative 147
Competition：Political Parties and the Separation of Powers 149
Political Parties 149
The Separation of Powers 150
Liberty：Civil Rights，Civil Liberties，and Civil Society 156
In Sum：Future Challenges to Democracy 158
7 ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES 161
Defining Advanced Democracy 162
Freedom and Equality in Advanced Democracies 166
Advanced Democracies Today 169
States and Sovereignty：Challenges and Opportunities 170
The European Union：Integration，Expansion，and Resistance 170
Devolution and Democracy 177
Social Change and Conflict 178
Postmodern Values and Organization 179
Diversity，Identity，and the Challenge to Postmodern Values 180
Economic Change 183
Postindustrialism 183
Maintaining the Welfare State 185
In Sum：The Advanced Democracies in Transition 187
8 COMMUNISM AND POSTCOMMUNISM 189
Communism，Equality，and the Nature of Human Relations 190
Revolution and the “Triumph” of Communism 192
Putting Communism into Practice 194
Communist Political Economy 198
Societal Institutions under Communism 200
The Collapse of Communism 201
Political Institutions in Transition 205
Reorganizing the State and Constructing a Democratic Regime 205
Evaluating Political Transitions 207
Economic Institutions in Transition 210
Privatization and Marketization 210
Evaluating Economic Transitions 212
Societal Institutions in Transition 214
Re-creating Identities 214
Evaluating Societal Transitions 215
In Sum：The Legacy of Communism 216
9 LESS-DEVELOPED AND NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES 219
Freedom and Equality in the Newly Industrializing and Less-Developed Countries 220
Imperialism and Colonialism 222
Institutions of Imperialism 225
Exporting the State 225
Social Identities 226
Dependent Development 228
The Challenges of Postimperialism 230
Building State Capacity and Autonomy 230
Forging Social Identities 234
Generating Economic Growth 238
Prospects for Democracy and Development 242
Rebuilding State Power 243
Supporting Civil Society 244
Promoting Economic Prosperity 245
In Sum：The Challenges of Development 247
10 GLOBALIZATION 250
What Is Globalization？ 251
Institutions and Globalization 253
Political Globalization 255
Economic Globalization 258
Societal Globalization 263
Globalization：Myths and Realities 267
Is Globalization New？ 267
Is Globalization Exaggerated？ 270
Is Globalization Inevitable？ 273
In Sum：Freedom and Equality in a Globalized World 275
11 POLITICAL VIOLENCE 277
What Is Political Violence？ 278
Why Political Violence？ 279
Institutional Explanations 280
Ideational Explanations 280
Individual Explanations 281
Forms of Political Violence 282
Revolution 283
Terrorism 289
Terrorism and Revolution：Means and Ends 296
Political Violence in Context：Faith，Terrorism，and Revolution 297
Countering Political Violence 302
In Sum：Meeting the Challenge of Political Violence 306
GLOSSARY 309
INDEX 317