Ⅰ．THE CONFINES OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 1
References 4
Ⅱ．NEUROPATHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY 5
References 16
Ⅲ．PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATION 17
Pathogenesis 17
Morphological Alterations 24
References 27
Ⅳ．DEGENERATION 30
Major Causes 30
A．Degenerative Alterations 32
DEGENERATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Degeneration of Nerve Fibers：SECONDARY-PRIMARY 32
Degeneration of the Tissues of the Central Nervous System as a Whole：NECROSIS-MALACIA 36
Degeneration and Alteration of the Nerve Cells 42
Degeneration and Alteration of Neuroglia 47
DEGENERATIVE ALTERATIONS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Systemic Causes 49
Local Causes 50
Degeneration of Nerve Fibers 50
Degeneration of Tissues of Peripheral Nervous Systems as a Whole 53
B．Degenerative Diseases 53
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 53
1．Degenerative Disease，Cause Unknown or not Universally Agreed Upon，and Degenerative Histopathological States Resulting from a Variety of Factors 54
Multiple Sclerosis 54
Acute Multiple Sclerosis 57
Optic Neuritis；Retrobulbar Neuritis；Neuro-Optic Myelitis 58
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 59
Acute Leuco-Encephalomyelopathy 62
Multiple Degenerative Softenig 63
Acute and Subacute Necrotic Myelopathy 64
Acute and Subacute Necrotic Encephalopathy 64
Residual States Followig Parenchymatous Degeneration 66
Cerebral Degeneration：LATE CHANGES IN LITTLE＇S DISEASE-LATE CHANGES FOLLOWING ADULT TRAUMA，INTERNAL HYDROCEPHALUS，PORENCEPHALY，ETC．-LATE CHANGES FOLLOWING TOXIC AND NUTRITIONAL STATES 66
Cerebellar Degeneration：PARENCHYMATOUS CORTICAL CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION 68
Spinal Cord Degeneration：LATE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA-LATE EFFECTS OF CAISSON DISEASE-LATE EFFECTS OF ACUTE ANTERIOR POLIOMYELITIS 70
2．Degenerative Disease Resulting from Nutritional Deficiencies 71
Nervous System Disease Complicating Pernicious Anemia 72
Vitamin B Complex Deficiency 75
3．Degenerative Diseases of Heredofamilial Origin 76
Lipid Dystrophies 77
Huntington＇s Chorea 80
Wilson＇s Disease(Hepatolenticular Degeneration) 81
Cerebellar Ataxias 82
Spinal Form：FRIEDREICH＇S ATAXIA 83
Olivopontocerebellar Form(Dejerine-Thomas) 83
Cerebellar Form：FAMILIAL DEGENERATION OF THE CEREBELLUM，ETC 84
Mixed Forms：POLYMORPHOUS NEURO-ABIOTROPHY 85
Diffuse Sclerosis(Schilder＇s Disease) 86
4．Degenerative Disease Developing During the Senium and Presenium 88
5．Degenerative States Resulting from Anatomical Denervation 93
Crossed Atrophy of the Cerebellum 93
Retrograde Nerve Cell Changes in Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 94
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 96
Mononeuritis 96
Polyneuritis 97
Resulting from Nutritional Deficiency and Intoxication 97
Resulting from Infectious Disease 98
Resulting from Heredofamilial Taint 98
References 101
Ⅴ．REGENERATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 109
Regeneration in the Central Nervous System 109
Regeneration in Sensory and Sympathetic Ganglia 109
Regeneration of Nerve Roots 110
Regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Fibers 110
References 113
Ⅵ．INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 115
General Considerations 115
A．Morbid Anatomic Types of Meningo-Encephalomyelitis 119
MENINGITIS 119
Leptomeningitis 119
Pachymeningitis 122
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS 123
Suppurative：BRAIN ABSCESS，SPINAL CORD ABSCESS，SUPPURATIVE EPENDYMITIS 123
Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis 125
Transitions Between Encephalomyelitis and Encephalomyelopathy 130
Hemorrhagic，Malacic，Necrotic and Proliferative Types of Encephalomyelitis 131
B．Etiological Types of Meningo-Encephalomyelitis 133
1．NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS 133
Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis(Heine-Medin Disease) 134
Rabies 135
Herpes Zoster 136
Epidemic Encephalitis 137
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis 139
2．SYPHILIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 140
General Considerations and the Gumma 140
Syphilitic Leptomeningitis 141
Syphilitic Vascular Disease 143
Disseminated Syphilis of the Nervous System 143
Chronic Syphilitic Meningo-Encephalitis(General Paresis) 144
Tabes Dorsalis 146
Syphilitic Myelitis 149
Erb＇s Spastic Spinal Syphilis 150
Syphilitic Optic Atrophy 150
The So-Called Syphilitic Amyotrophies 150
Syphilitic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis(Panmeningitis) 152
3．TUBERCULOSIS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 152
General Considerations and the Tuberculoma 152
Tuberculous Leptomeningitis 154
Chronic Tuberculous Meningo-Encephalitis 156
4．MYCOTIC INFECTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 157
Actinomycosis 157
Cryptococcosis(Torulosis) 158
Coccidioidomycosis(Coccidioidal Granuloma；Valley or Desert Fever) 159
Blastomycosis 160
5．PARASITIC INFECTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 161
Protozoan Diseases 161
Malaria 161
Trypanosomiasis(African Sleeping Sickness) 162
American Trypanosomiasis 163
Toxoplasmosis 163
Worm Infestations 164
Cysticercus Cellulosis 164
Echinococcus(Hydatid Disease) 165
Trichinosis 165
6．POSTINFECTIOUS AND POSTVACCINAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS 166
Vaccinia and Rabies Vaccine Encephalomyelitis； Postmeasles Encephalomyelitis 166
7．NEUROTOXIC DISOBDERS OF INFECTIOUS ORIGIN 168
Tetanus 168
Diphtheria 169
8．RICKETTSIAL DISORDERS 169
Typhus Fever；Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 169
9．RHEUMATIC AND ENDOCARDITIC DISORDERS AND THE VASCULAR ALTERATIONS IN INTOXICATIONS 170
Malignant Endocarditic Encephalomyelitis 170
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditic(Endocarditis Lenta)Encephalomyelitis 172
Rheumatic Endocarditic Encephalomyelitis 172
Productive Capillary and Endarteritic Changes in Severe Toxemia 173
C．Blastomatous States Resembling Meningo-Encephalomyelitis 174
References 174
Ⅶ．HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULAR DISORDERS 183
A．Hemorrhage 183
EXTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE 184
SUBDURAL OR INTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE．SUBDURAL HEMATOMA(So-Called Pachymeningitis Haemorrhagica Interna) 184
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE 187
Primary Hemorrhage 187
Aneurysms in the Basilar Cerebral Arteries：Congenital-Arteriosclerotic-Mycotic 187
Secondary Hemorrhage 190
INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE 190
HEMORRHAGE WITHIN THE BRAIN SUBSTANCE 190
Massive Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage；Brain Purpura；Traumatic Hemorrhage 192
HEMATOMYELIA 195
B．Vascular Disorders 196
INFLAMMATORY TYPES 196
Arteritis 196
Phlebitis 199
DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE CEREBROSPINAL BLOOD VESSELS 200
Arteriosclerosis 200
Arteriofibrosis 202
Arterial Necrosis 202
Capillary Sclerosis 202
Angiodegeneration of Deficiency Origin：Cerebral Beriberi(Wernicke＇s Encephalopathy-Polioencephalitis Haemorrhagica Superior) 203
OCCLUSIVE DISORDERS OF THE CEREBROSPINAL BLOOD VESSELS 204
Non-Septic Venous Thrombosis 204
Embolism 205
Caisson Disease or Aeropathy 205
Arterial Occlusion Syndromes 206
VASCULAR TUMORS AND MALFORMATIONS 209
General Considerations 209
Hemangioblastoma 210
Hemangio-Endothelioma，Angio-Endothelioma and Angiosarcoma 210
Hemangioma 212
Telangiectasis 212
Racemose Venous Angioma 213
Arterial Angioma 213
Secondary Arteriovenous Communications or Aneurysms 215
References 216
Ⅷ．HYDROPS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RELATED STATES 219
Edema of the Brain 219
Edema of the Spinal Cord and Nerves 221
Hydrocephalus 221
Porencephaly 223
Hydromyelia 224
Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia 224
Pseudosyringomyelia 228
Subdural Hydroma(Subdural Hygroma-External Hydrocephalus) 229
References 230
Ⅸ．HYPERPLASIA IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 231
A．Hyperplasia of Neuro-Epithelial Derivatives 231
B．Hyperplasia of the Meningovascular Derivatives 233
HYPERPLASIA OF THE DURA MATER 233
HYPERPLASIA OF THE PIA-ARACHNOID 233
Chronic Adhesive Spinal Arachnoiditis 235
HYPERPLASIA OF THE MENINGOVASCULAR EXTENSIONS WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM：IN THE MEDULLARY SUBSTANCE-IN THE CORES OF THE CHOROID PLEXUSES 236
References 237
Ⅹ．NEOPLASMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 239
General Considerations 239
A．Neoplasms of Neuro-Epithelial Origin 242
NEURO-EPITHELIOMA 243
MEDULLO-EPITHELIOMA 244
CHOROIDAL EPITHELIUM AND PAPILLOMA OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS 245
PARAPHYSIAL EPITHELIUM AND PARAPHYSIAL CYSTS(Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle) 247
EPENDYMAL EPITHELIUM AND EPENDYMAL TUMORS 248
PINEAL PARENCHYMA；PINEALOMA AND PINEALOBLASTOMA 250
MEDULLOBLASTS AND MEDULLOBLASTOMA 252
RETINOBLASTS AND RETINOBLASTOMA 253
SYMPATHOGONIOMAS；SYMPATHOBLASTOMAS；NEUROBLASTOMAS，NEUROCYTOMAS，GANGLIONEUROMAS(of Peripheral Origin)；PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS 255
NEUROMA 256
CENTRAL NEUROBLASTOMAS，NEUROCYTOMAS，GANGLIOCYTOMAS 257
GANGLIOGLIONEUROMA 257
SPONGIOBLASTS AND POLAR SPONGIOBLASTOMAS(Spongioblastoma Polare) 258
MULTIFORM SPONGIOBLASTOMAS；GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME，SPONGIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME 261
ASTROCYTOMA 264
OLIGODENDROGLIACYTES AND OLIGODENDROGLIOMA 267
B．Primary Neoplasms of the Craniovertebral Structures，the Meninges，the Meningeal Prolongations Within the Brain and Spinal Cord and of the Nerve Roots and Peripheral Nerves 267
CRANIOVERTEBRAL NEOPLASMS 268
TUMORS ARISING FROM THE MENINGES 271
From the Dura Mater 272
From the Leptomeninx 277
TUMORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES AND THEIR ROOTS 282
C．The Neurocutaneous Syndromes and Related States 285
MULTIPLE NEUROFIBROMATOSIS(von Recklinghausen＇s Disease of the Nervous System) 285
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS(Bourneville＇s Disease) 289
MULTIPLE HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS(von Hippel-Lindau Disease) 292
CUTANEOUS-LEPTOMENINGEAL ANGIOMATOSIS(Sturge-Weber-Dimitri Disease) 293
CUTANEOUS-LEPTOMENINGEAL MELANOMATOSIS 296
D．Neoplasms Arising from the Anterior Lobe of the Hypophysis and Its Anlage 297
HYPOPHYSIAL ADENOMAS AND HYPERPLASIA 298
E．Craniospinal Teratomas，Teratoids，Dermoids，Epidermoids and Related New Growths 302
F．Invasive and Metastatic Tumors 305
G．Pathological States Resembling or Related to the Neoplastic State 309
LEUKEMIA 309
HODGKIN＇S DISEASE 310
References 310
Ⅺ．MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS COVERINGS 321
A．Malformation in the Spinal Region 321
SPINAL DYSRAPHISM(Spina Bifida) 321
B．Malformations in the Cephalic Region 331
MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN AND ITS COVERINGS 331
Cranioschisis 331
Cranium Bifidum，Cephalic Meningocele and Meningo-Encephalocele 332
MALFORMATIONS OF THE SKULL 333
Platybasia 333
Oxycephaly 333
Crouzon＇s Disease 334
Hypertelorism 334
MALFORMATIONS OF THE BRAIN AS A WHOLE 334
MALFORMATIONS OF THE HINDBRAIN 335
Cerebellum 335
Pons and Medulla Oblongata 337
Choroid Plexus and Leptomeningeal Malformations 337
The Arnold-Chiari Abnormality 337
MALFORMATIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN 337
Congenital Stenosis of the Aqueduct of Sylvius 337
Aplasia or Hypoplasia of the Motor Nerve Cells in the Oculomotor Nuclei 338
MALFORMATIONS OF THE FOREBRAIN 338
Dysraphic States 340
Cyclopia 340
Arhinencephaly 341
Malformations of the Corpus Callosum 342
Malformations of the Septum Pellucidum 342
Dilatation of the Cavum Septi Pellucidi and Cavum Vergae 343
Ependymal Streaks 343
Developmental Anomalies of the Cerebral Cortex 343
Heterotopic Masses of Nerve and Glia Cells 346
Developmental Anomalies in Tuberous Sclerosis and von Recklinghausen＇s Disease of the Nervous System 347
References 348
Ⅻ．DEFORMITIES AND ARTEFACTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 351
Deformities of the Nervous System 351
HERNIATIONS 351
MENINGOCELES 352
ARNOLD-CHIARI DEFORMITY 354
DEFORMITIES OF THE AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS 355
HYDROCEPHALUS：OBSTRUCTIVE AND EX VACUO FORMS 355
DEFORMITIES INCIDENT TO HEMORRHAGE，TUMORS，DEGENERATION，ETC 358
Artefacts of the Nervous System 358
ARTEFACTS FROM FAULTY REMOVAL 358
ARTEFACTS FROM POSTMORTEM CHANGE 359
ARTEFACTS FROM SHRINKAGE 359
References 360
ⅩⅢ．ADVENTITIOUS AND METABOLIC SUBSTANCES 361
Lipid Substances 361
Pigments 363
Hyaline Substances 366
Inorganic Substances 368
Pathogenic Organisms 370
Argentophil Bodies 371
Miscellaneous Substances 371
References 372
ⅩⅣ．MUSCULAR DISORDERS AND RELATED STATES 374
A．Congenital Muscle Defects 374
B．Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscle 375
C．Muscular Dystrophy(Primary Muscular Atrophy) 376
D．Myotonia Dystrophica(Myotonia Atrophica)；Myotonia Congenita(Thomsen＇s Disease) 377
E．Myasthenia Gravis 378
F．Muscular Atrophy(Secondary) 379
G．Amyotonia Congenita(Myatonia Congenita or Oppenheim＇s Disease)and Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease(Infantile Progressive Spinal Atrophy) 381
H．Myositis 382
I．Muscular Paralysis(MISCELLANEOUS) 383
References 383
ⅩⅤ．SYNDROMES，PARALYSES，AND UNCOMMON DISEASES 386
1．Adie＇s Syndrome 386
2．Adiposis Dolorosa 387
3．Adiposogenital Syndrome 387
4．Anton＇s Syndrome 387
5．Aran-Duchenne Paralysis 387
6．Athetosis 387
7．Athetosis，Double 388
8．Auriculotemporal Syndrome 388
9．Syndrome of Avellis 388
10．Bell＇s Palsy 388
11．Benedikt＇s Syndrome 388
12．Syndrome of Bernhardt and Roth 388
13．Brown-Sequard Syndrome 388
14．Carotid Sinus Syndrome 389
15．Catalepsy 389
16．Cataplexy 389
17．Causalgia 389
18．Syndrome of Cerebral Diplegia 389
19．Cervical Rib Syndrome 389
20．Cervical Sympathetic Paralysis 390
21．Syndrome of Cestan-Chenais 390
22．Chorea：a)Choreo-Athetosis，b)Electric Chorea of Dubini，c)Fibrillary Chorea of Morvan，d)Hemichorea 390
23．Syndrome of Claude 390
24．Claude-Bernard-Horner Syndrome 390
25．Primary Degeneration of the Corpus Callosum 390
26．Syndrome of Crocodile Tears 391
27．Dejerine-Klumpke Paralysis 391
28．Syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy 391
29．Dercum＇s Disease 391
30．Dystonia Musculorum Deformans 391
31．Epilepsy：a)Idiopathic，b)Jacksonian，c)Myoclonus Epilepsy of Unverricht 391
32．Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy 392
33．Facial Hemispasm 392
34．Facial Paraspasm(Paraspasme Faciale) 392
35．Facial Spasm 392
36．Facial Tic 392
37．Postparalytic Facial＂Tic＂ 392
38．Familial Diffuse Sclerosis 393
39．Syndrome of Foster Kennedy 393
40．Foville＇s Syndrome 393
41．Frey＇s Syndrome 393
42．Frohlich＇s Syndrome 393
43．Syndrome of Fuchs 393
44．Gargoylism 393
45．Gelineau＇s Disease 393
46．Geniculate Herpes Zoster 393
47．Gerstmann＇s Syndrome 393
48．Gradenigo＇s Syndrome 393
49．Syndrome of Guillain-Barre 393
50．Syndrome of Hallervorden and Spatz 393
51．Hemiballismus 394
52．Hemifacial Spasm 394
53．Syndrome of Hemisection of the Spinal Cord 394
54．Heredofamilial Spastic Paraplegia or Diplegia 394
55．Holmes-Adie Syndrome 394
56．Horner＇s Syndrome 394
57．Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt 394
58．Hurler＇s Disease 394
59．Syndrome of Infantile Cerebral Diplegia 395
60．Syndrome of Infantile Cerebral Hemiplegia 395
61．Jackson＇s Syndrome 395
62．Syndrome of Jakob 395
63．Jakob-Creutzfeld Disease 395
64．Syndrome of Jaw-Winking 395
65．Syndrome of the Jugular Foramen 395
66．Klumpke＇s Paralysis 395
67．Korsakoff＇s Syndrome 395
68．Krabbe＇s Disease 395
69．Landry＇s Paralysis(Acute Ascending Paralysis) 395
70．Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome 396
71．Leber＇s Disease(Hereditary Optic Atrophy) 396
72．Lipochondrodystrophy 396
73．Lipodystrophy 396
74．Syndrome of Little＇s Disease 396
75．Lobar Sclerosis(Cerebral Hemiatrophy) 396
76．Marchiafava-Bignami Disease 396
77．Marchiafava＇s Disease 396
78．Syndrome of Marcus-Gunn 397
79．Median Facial Spasm 397
80．Meniere＇s Disease 397
81．Meralgia Paraesthetica 397
82．Millard-Gubler Syndrome 397
83．Mongolism 397
84．Syndrome of Morgagni-Morel 397
85．Morquio＇s Disease 397
86．Morvan＇s Syndrome 398
87．Syndrome of Myelodysplasia 398
88．Myoclonus 398
89．Naffziger＇s Syndrome 398
90．Narcolepsy 398
91．Paramyoclonus Multiplex 398
92．Paraplegia-in-Flexion 398
93．Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease 398
94．Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia 399
95．Pituitary Cachexia 399
96．Syndrome of Pseudobulbar Palsy 399
97．Pyknolepsy 399
98．Syndrome of Roussy and Levy 399
99．Scalenus Anticus Syndrome(Naffziger＇s Syndrome) 399
100．Schmidt＇s Syndrome 399
101．Simmonds＇Disease 399
102．Spastic Paraplegia 399
103．Spastic Pseudosclerosis 399
104．Strumpell＇s Encephalitis 400
105．Thalamic Syndrome 400
106．Torsion Spasm(Torsion Dystonia) 400
107．Spasmodic Torticollis 400
108．Unverricht＇s Myoclonic Epilepsy 400
109．Syndrome of Vernet 400
110．Villaret＇s Syndrome 400
111．Wallenberg＇s Syndrome 400
112．Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome 401
113．Weber＇s Syndrome 401
114．Westphal-Strumpell Pseudosclerosis 401
References 401
ⅩⅥ．NEURO-ANATOMICAL SUPPLEMENT 406
References 419
ⅩⅦ．NEUROPATHOLOGICAL TECHNIC SUPPLEMENT 421
A．Preparation of Gross Specimens 421
B．Neurological Staining Methods and Impregnation Technics 423
References 452
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 455
INDEX 459