AN OUTLINE OF THE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES Foreword 1
FRACTURE APHORISMS 2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FRACTURE TREATMENT 2
The Fracture Lesion 2
Healing of Fractures 4
First Aid 6
Examination and Diagnosis 8
Treatment 10
Fractures without Displacement 10
Fractures with Displacement 10
Open Fractures 12
Manual Traction and Traction-Suspension 14
ORGANIZATION OF FRACTURE SERVICE IN HOSPITALS 17
Minimum Standard for Treatment of Fractures in Hospitals 17
MEASURING AND RECORDING JOINT FUNCTION 18
General Principles 18
Spine 18
Neck 18
Shoulder 18
Elbow 22
Wrist 22
Fingers 23
Thumb 25
Hip 25
Knee 26
Ankle 26
Foot 27
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR X-RAY EXAMINATION OF FRACTURES 28
Hand 28
Wrist 28
Forearm 28
Elbow 28
Humeral Shaft 28
Shoulder Girdle 28
Acromioclavicular Joint 29
Chest for Ribs 29
Skull 32
Facial Bones 32
Lower Jaw 34
Cervical Spine 34
Dorsal Spine 34
Lumbar Spine and Sacroiliac Joints 34
Pelvis and Hips 34
Femoral Neck 37
Femur 37
Knee 37
Leg 37
Ankle 37
Foot 37
Os Calcis 37
FRACTURES OR BONES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY 38
Clavicle 38
Humerus 40
Anatomical Neck of Humerus 40
Tuberosities 40
Greater Tuberosity 40
Lesser Tuberosity 42
Both Tuberosities 42
Surgical Neck of Humerus 42
Shaft of Humerus 43
Lower End of Humerus 45
Treatment 46
Supracondylar Fractures 46
Condylar—Single 47
Inner Condyle 47
T-Fractures 47
Epiphyseal Separations 47
Ulna 48
Olecranon 48
Shaft of Ulna 49
Radius 49
Head and Neck of Radius 49
Cases Requiring Operative Treatment 50
Shaft of Radius 50
Colles＇Fracture 50
Shafts of Radius and Ulna 52
Carpus 52
Navicular(Scaphoid) 53
Lunate(Semilunar) 53
Metacarpus 54
Metacarpal Neck 54
Metacarpal Shafts 54
First Metacarpal 54
Phalanges of Hand 55
FRACTURES OF BONES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY 56
Femur 56
Neck of Femur 56
Intertrochanteric Fractures 58
Subtrochanteric Fractures 58
Shaft of Femur 59
Lower End of Femur 63
Patella 63
Tibia and Fibula 65
Upper End of Tibia 65
Shaft of Tibia and Fibula 66
Ankle 67
Tarsus 72
Astragalus 72
Os Calcis 72
Tarsal Scaphoid(Navicular) 73
Metatarsus 73
Phalanges of Foot 73
FRACTURES OF THE SPINE 75
Fractures of the Dorsal and Lumbar Spine 75
The Application of the Plaster Jacket 77
Fracture Dislocations of the Dorsolumbar Spine 77
Fracture Dislocations of the Dorsolumbar Spine with Cord Injury 77
Fractures of the Cervical Spine 78
Fracture Dislocation with Cord Injury 78
Complications of Fractures or Fracture Dislocations of the Spine 78
Skull 79
Pelvis 79
Ribs 80
REHABILITATION 81
BIBLIOGRAPHY 83