Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 1
Introduction 1
1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering？ 2
1-2 Classification of Materials 5
1-3 Functional Classification of Materials 9
1-4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure 11
1-5 Environmental and Other Effects 12
1-6 Materials Design and Selection 14
SUMMARY 15
GLOSSARY 16
PROBLEMS 17
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure 19
Introduction 19
2-1 The Structure of Materials：Technological Relevance 20
2-2 The Structure of the Atom 21
2-3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom 26
2-4 The Periodic Table 28
2-5 Atomic Bonding 30
2-6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing 37
SUMMARY 40
GLOSSARY 41
PROBLEMS 43
Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 46
Introduction 46
3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order 47
3-2 Amorphous Materials：Principles and Technological Applications 49
3-3 Lattice，Unit Cells，Basis，and Crystal Structures 50
3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations 58
3-5 Points，Directions，and Planes in the Unit Cell 59
3-6 Interstitial Sites 69
3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials 71
3-8 Covalent Structures 74
3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis 75
SUMMARY 77
GLOSSARY 78
PROBLEMS 80
Chapter 4 Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 84
Introduction 84
4-1 Point Defects 85
4-2 Other Point Defects 91
4-3 Dislocations 92
4-4 Significance of Dislocations 99
4-5 Schmid’s Law 99
4-6 Influence of Crystal Structure 101
4-7 Surface Defects 102
4-8 Importance of Defects 106
SUMMARY 109
GLOSSARY 109
PROBLEMS 111
Chapter 5 Atom and Ion Movements in Materials 114
Introduction 114
5-1 Applications of Diffusion 115
5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions 117
5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion 119
5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion 121
5-5 Rate of Diffusion （Fick’s First Law） 122
5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion 125
5-7 Permeability of Polymers 131
5-8 Composition Profile （Fick’s Second Law） 132
5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing 136
SUMMARY 137
GLOSSARY 138
PROBLEMS 139
Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties：Fundamentals and Tensile，Hardness，and Impact Testing 143
Introduction 143
6-1 Technological Significance 144
6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties 145
6-3 The Tensile Test：Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram 149
6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test 153
6-5 True Stress and True Strain 159
6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials 161
6-7 Hardness of Materials 164
6-8 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior 166
6-9 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test 167
SUMMARY 170
GLOSSARY 170
PROBLEMS 173
Chapter 7 Fracture Mechanics，Fatigue，and Creep Behavior 177
Introduction 177
7-1 Fracture Mechanics 178
7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics 181
7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials 184
7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics，Glasses，and Composites 188
7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis 190
7-6 Fatigue 195
7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test 198
7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing 200
7-9 Creep，Stress Rupture，and Stress Corrosion 204
7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior 206
SUMMARY 207
GLOSSARY 208
PROBLEMS 209
Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing 213
Introduction 213
8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve 214
8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms 219
8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work 220
8-4 Microstructure，Texture Strengthening，and Residual Stresses 223
8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working 227
8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing 229
8-7 Control of Annealing 232
8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing 234
8-9 Hot Working 236
SUMMARY 238
GLOSSARY 238
PROBLEMS 240
Chapter 9 Principles and Applications of Solidification 245
Introduction 245
9-1 Technological Significance 246
9-2 Nucleation 247
9-3 Growth Mechanisms 252
9-4 Cooling Curves 257
9-5 Cast Structure 259
9-6 Solidification Defects 260
9-7 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components 262
9-8 Continuous Casting，Ingot Casting，and Single Crystal Growth 264
9-9 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses 266
9-10 Joining of Metallic Materials 267
SUMMARY 269
GLOSSARY 269
PROBLEMS 272
Chapter 10 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium 277
Introduction 277
10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram 278
10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions 282
10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility 285
10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening 286
10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams 289
10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram 298
10-7 Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy 299
SUMMARY 301
GLOSSARY 302
PROBLEMS 304
Chapter 11 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 309
Introduction 309
11-1 Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening 310
11-2 Intermetallic Compounds 311
11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions 313
11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram 316
11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys 326
11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing 331
11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System 333
SUMMARY 334
GLOSSARY 335
PROBLEMS 336
Chapter 12 Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations andHeat Treatment 342
Introduction 342
12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions 343
12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit 347
12-3 Age or Precipitation Hardening 349
12-4 Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys 349
12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening 350
12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time 352
12-7 Requirements for Age Hardening 354
12-8 Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures 354
12-9 The Eutectoid Reaction 355
12-10 Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction 360
12-11 The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering 365
SUMMARY 369
GLOSSARY 370
PROBLEMS 372
Chapter 13 Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons 376
Introduction 376
13-1 Designations and Classification of Steels 377
13-2 Simple Heat Treatments 381
13-3 Isothermal Heat Treatments 383
13-4 Quench and Temper Heat Treatments 386
13-5 Effect of Alloying Elements 391
13-6 Application of Hardenability 394
13-7 Specialty Steels 397
13-8 Surface Treatments 398
13-9 Weldability of Steel 401
13-10 Stainless Steels 402
13-11 Cast Irons 406
SUMMARY 412
GLOSSARY 412
PROBLEMS 415
Chapter 14 Nonferrous Alloys 420
Introduction 420
14-1 Aluminum Alloys 421
14-2 Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys 428
14-3 Copper Alloys 430
14-4 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 433
14-5 Titanium Alloys 437
14-6 Refractory and Precious Metals 444
SUMMARY 445
GLOSSARY 445
PROBLEMS 446
Chapter 15 Ceramic Materials 449
Introduction 449
15-1 Applications of Ceramics 450
15-2 Properties of Ceramics 452
15-3 Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders 453
15-4 Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics 458
15-5 Inorganic Glasses 460
15-6 Glass-Ceramics 466
15-7 Processing and Applications of Clay Products 468
15-8 Refractories 469
15-9 Other Ceramic Materials 471
SUMMARY 473
GLOSSARY 474
PROBLEMS 475
Chapter 16 Polymers 477
Introduction 477
16-1 Classification of Polymers 478
16-2 Addition and Condensation Polymerization 482
16-3 Degree of Polymerization 485
16-4 Typical Thermoplastics 487
16-5 Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics 489
16-6 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics 493
16-7 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics 499
16-8 Elastomers （Rubbers） 504
16-9 Thermosetting Polymers 509
16-10 Adhesives 511
16-11 Polymer Processing and Recycling 512
SUMMARY 517
GLOSSARY 518
PROBLEMS 520
Chapter 17 Composites：Teamwork and Synergy in Materials 523
Introduction 523
17-1 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 525
17-2 Particulate Composites 527
17-3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 532
17-4 Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 537
17-5 Manufacturing Fibers and Composites 544
17-6 Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications 548
17-7 Laminar Composite Materials 555
17-8 Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites 557
17-9 Sandwich Structures 558
SUMMARY 559
GLOSSARY 560
PROBLEMS 562
Appendix A：Selected Physical Properties of Metals 565
Appendix B：The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements 567
Answers to Selected Problems 569
Index 572