1 Introduction：Matter and Measurement 1
1.1 The Study of Chemistry 2
The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry 2
Why Study Chemistry？ 3
1.2 Classifications of Matter 5
States of Matter 5
Pure Substances 6
Elements 6
Compounds 7
Mixtures 8
1.3 Properties of Matter 9
Physical and Chemical Changes 10
Separation of Mixtures 11
1.4 Units of Measurement 13
SI Units 14
Length and Mass 14
Temperature 15
Derived SI Units 16
Volume 16
Density 17
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement 20
Precision and Accuracy 21
Significant Figures 21
Significant Figures in Calculations 22
1.6 Dimensional Analysis 24
Using Two or More Conversion Factors 26
Conversions Involving Volume 26
Summary and Key Terms 28
Exercises 29
eMedia Exercises 33
Chemistry at Work Chemistry and the Chemical Industry 4
A Closer Look The Scientific Method 13
Chemistry at Work Chemistry in the News 18
Strategies in Chemistry Estimating Answers 25
Strategies in Chemistry The Importance of Practice 28
2 Atoms，Molecules，and Ions 34
2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter 36
2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure 37
Cathode Rays and Electrons 37
Radioactivity 38
The Nuclear Atom 39
2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure 41
Isotopes，Atomic Numbers，and Mass Numbers 43
2.4 Atomic Weights 44
The Atomic Mass Scale 44
Average Atomic Masses 44
2.5 The Periodic Table 46
2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds 49
Molecules and Chemical Formulas 49
Molecular and Empirical Formulas 50
Picturing Molecules 51
2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds 52
Predicting Ionic Charges 53
Ionic Compounds 54
2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds 56
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds 57
Names and Formulas of Acids 61
Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds 62
2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds 62
Alkanes 63
Some Derivatives of Alkanes 63
Summary and Key Terms 65
Exercises 66
eMedia Exercises 73
A Closer Look Basic Forces 42
A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer 45
A Closer Look Glenn Seaborg and the Story of Seaborgium 49
Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms 55
Strategies in Chemistry Pattern Recognition 56
3 Stoichiometry：Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations 74
3.1 Chemical Equations 76
3.2 Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity 80
Combination and Decomposition Reactions 80
Combustion in Air 82
3.3 Formula Weights 83
Formula and Molecular Weights 84
Percentage Composition from Formulas 84
3.4 The Mole 86
Molar Mass 87
Interconverting Masses，Moles，and Numbers of Particles 89
3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses 91
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula 93
Combustion Analysis 94
3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations 95
3.7 Limiting Reactants 99
Theoretical Yields 102
Summary and Key Terms 103
Exercises 104
eMedia Exercises 111
Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving 85
Chemistry at Work CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect 98
4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 112
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 114
Electrolytic Properties 114
Ionic Compounds in Water 115
Molecular Compounds in Water 115
Strong and Weak Electrolytes 116
4.2 Precipitation Reactions 117
Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds 118
Exchange（Metathesis） Reactions 119
Ionic Equations 120
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 121
Acids 121
Bases 122
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 122
Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes 123
Neutralization Reactions and Salts 124
Acid-Base Reactions with Gas Formation 126
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 128
Oxidation and Reduction 128
Oxidation Numbers 128
Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts 130
The Activity Series 131
4.5 Concentrations of Solutions 134
Molarity 134
Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte 135
Interconverting Molarity，Moles，and Volume 136
Dilution 137
4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis 139
Titrations 140
Summary and Key Terms 144
Exercises 145
eMedia Exercises 151
Chemistry at Work Antacids 127
A Closer Look The Aura of Gold 133
Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing Chemical Reactions 134
5 Thermochemistry 152
5.1 The Nature of Energy 154
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy 154
Units of Energy 155
System and Surroundings 155
Transferring Energy：Work and Heat 156
5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 158
Internal Energy 158
Relating △E to Heat and Work 159
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 160
State Functions 161
5.3 Enthalpy 163
5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction 166
5.5 Calorimetry 169
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 169
Constant-Pressure Calorimetry 170
Bomb Calorimetry（Constant-Volume Calorimetry） 171
5.6 Hess’s Law 174
5.7 Enthalpies of Formation 176
Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction 178
5.8 Foods and Fuels 180
Foods 181
Fuels 183
Other Energy Sources 184
Summary and Key Terms 187
Exercises 188
eMedia Exercises 196
A Closer Look Energy，Enthalpy，and P-V Work 164
Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a Guide 168
Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Human Body Temperature 173
Chemistry at Work The Hybrid Car 185
6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 198
6.1 The Wave Nature of Light 200
6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons 202
Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy 202
The Photoelectric Effect and Photons 203
6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model 205
Line Spectra 206
Bohr’s Model 207
The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom 208
Limitations of the Bohr Model 209
6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter 210
The Uncertainty Principle 211
6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals 212
Orbitals and Quantum Numbers 213
6.6 Representations of Orbitals 215
The s Orbitals 215
The p Orbitals 216
The d and f Orbitals 217
6.7 Many-Electron Atoms 218
Orbitals and Their Energies 218
Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle 218
6.8 Electron Configurations 220
Hund’s Rule 221
Condensed Electron Configurations 223
Transition Metals 223
The Lanthanides and Actinides 224
6.9 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 225
Anomalous Electron Configurations 228
Summary and Key Terms 229
Exercises 230
eMedia Exercises 235
A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle 212
A Closer Look Experimental Evidence for Electron Spin 219
Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 220
7 Periodic Properties of the Elements 236
7.1 Development of the Periodic Table 238
7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge 239
7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions 241
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii 243
Trends in the Sizes of Ions 243
7.4 Ionization Energy 246
Variations in Successive Ionization Energies 246
Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies 247
Electron Configurations of Ions 249
7.5 Electron Affinities 250
7.6 Metals，Nonmetals，and Metalloids 252
Metals 253
Nonmetals 255
Metalloids 256
7.7 Group Trends for the Active Metals 256
Group 1A：The Alkali Metals 256
Group 2A：The Alkaline Earth Metals 260
7.8 Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals 261
Hydrogen 261
Group 6A：The Oxygen Group 261
Group 7A：The Halogens 262
Group 8A：The Noble Gases 263
Summary and Key Terms 265
Exercises 266
eMedia Exercises 272
Chemistry and Life Ionic Size Makes a BIG Difference！ 245
Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs 259
8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 274
8.1 Chemical Bonds，Lewis Symbols，and the Octet Rule 276
Lewis Symbols 276
The Octet Rule 276
8.2 Ionic Bonding 277
Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation 278
Electron Configurations of Ions of the Representative Elements 280
Transition-Metal Ions 281
Polyatomic Ions 282
8.3 Covalent Bonding 282
Lewis Structures 283
Multiple Bonds 284
8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity 285
Electronegativity 285
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 286
Dipole Moments 287
Bond Types and Nomenclature 290
8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures 290
Formal Charge 292
8.6 Resonance Structures 295
Resonance in Benzene 297
8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 298
Odd Number of Electrons 298
Less than an Octet 298
More than an Octet 299
8.8 Strengths of Covalent Bonds 300
Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions 302
Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length 305
Summary and Key Terms 306
Exercises 307
eMedia Exercises 313
A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies：The Born-Haber Cycle 280
A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers，Formal Charges，and Actual Partial Charges 294
Chemistry at Work Explosives and Alfred Nobel 304
9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 314
9.1 Molecular Shapes 316
9.2 The VSEPR Model 318
The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles 323
Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells 323
Shapes of Larger Molecules 326
9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity 328
9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap 330
9.5 Hybrid Orbitals 331
sp Hybrid Orbitals 332
sp2 and spa Hybrid Orbitals 333
Hybridization Involving d Orbitals 334
Summary 336
9.6 Multiple Bonds 338
Delocalized π Bonding 340
General Conclusions 343
9.7 Molecular Orbitals 343
The Hydrogen Molecule 343
Bond Order 345
9.8 Second-Row Diatomic Molecules 346
Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2 346
Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals 347
Electron Configurations for B2 Through Ne2 348
Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties 350
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 352
Summary and Key Terms 355
Exercises 356
eMedia Exercises 363
Chemistry and Life The Chemistry of Vision 342
Chemistry at Work Organic Dyes 353
10 Gases 364
10.1 Characteristics of Gases 366
10.2 Pressure 367
Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer 367
10.3 The Gas Laws 370
The Pressure-Volume Relationship：Boyle’s Law 371
The Temperature-Volume Relationship：Charles’s Law 372
The Quantity-Volume Relationship：Avogadro’s Law 373
10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation 375
Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws 377
10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation 379
Gas Densities and Molar Mass 379
Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions 381
10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures 383
Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions 384
Collecting Gases over Water 385
10.7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory 386
Application to the Gas Laws 388
10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion 389
Graham’s Law of Effusion 390
Diffusion and Mean Free Path 392
10.9 Real Gases：Deviations from Ideal Behavior 393
The van der Waals Equation 394
Summary and Key Terms 397 Exercises 398
eMedia Exercises 405
Chemistry and Life Blood Pressure 370
Strategies in Chemistry Calculations Involving Many Variables 377
Chemistry at Work Gas Pipelines 382
A Closer Look The Ideal-Gas Equation 389
Chemistry at Work Gas Separations 392
11 Intermolecular Forces，Liquids，and Solids 406
11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids 408
11.2 Intermolecular Forces 409
Ion-Dipole Forces 410
Dipole-Dipole Forces 410
London Dispersion Forces 411
Hydrogen Bonding 413
Comparing Intermolecular Forces 416
11.3 Some Properties of Liquids 418
Viscosity 418
Surface Tension 418
11.4 Phase Changes 419
Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes 420
Heating Curves 421
Critical Temperature and Pressure 423
11.5 Vapor Pressure 425
Explaining Vapor Pressure on the Molecular Level 425
Volatility，Vapor Pressure，and Temperature 426
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point 426
11.6 Phase Diagrams 427
The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2 429
11.7 Structures of Solids 430
Unit Cells 430
The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride 432
Close Packing of Spheres 434
11.8 Bonding in Solids 435
Molecular Solids 437
Covalent-Network Solids 437
Ionic Solids 438
Metallic Solids 440
Summary and Key Terms 441
Exercises 442
eMedia Exercises 449
A Closer Look Trends in Hydrogen Bonding 416
Chemistry at Work Supercritical Fluid Extraction 424
A Closer Look The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 427
A Closer Look X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals 436
A Closer Look Buckyball 439
12 Modern Materials 450
12.1 Liquid Crystals 452
Types of Liquid Crystalline Phases 452
12.2 Polymers 456
Addition Polymerization 456
Condensation Polymerization 457
Types of Polymers 458
Structures and Physical Properties of Polymers 459
Cross-linking Polymers 460
12.3 Biomaterials 463
Characteristics of Biomaterials 464
Polymeric Biomaterials 464
Examples of Biomaterial Applications 465
12.4 Ceramics 467
Processing of Ceramics 468
Ceramic Composites 469
Applications of Ceramics 470
12.5 Superconductivity 470
Superconducting Ceramic Oxides 471
New Superconductors 472
12.6 Thin Films 473
Uses of Thin Films 474
Formation of Thin Films 474
Summary and Key Terms 476
Exercises 477
eMedia Exercises 483
Chemistry at Work Liquid Crystal Displays 455
Chemistry at Work Recycling Plastics 458
Chemistry at Work Toward the Plastic Car 462
Chemistry at Work Cell Phone Tower Range 473
Chemistry at Work Diamond Coatings 476
13 Properties of Solutions 484
13.1 The Solution Process 486
Energy Changes and Solution Formation 487
Solution Formation，Spontaneity，and Disorder 489
Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions 490
13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility 491
13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility 492
Solute-Solvent Interactions 492
Pressure Effects 495
Temperature Effects 497
13.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration 497
Mass Percentage，ppm，and ppb 498
Mole Fraction，Molarity，and Molality 499
Conversion of Concentration Units 500
13.5 Colligative Properties 502
Lowering the Vapor Pressure 502
Boiling-Point Elevation 504
Freezing-Point Depression 506
Osmosis 507
Determination of Molar Mass 509
13.6 Colloids 511
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids 513
Removal of Colloidal Particles 514
Summary and Key Terms 517
Exercises 518
eMedia Exercises 523
A Closer Look Hydrates 490
Chemistry and Life Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins 494
Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving 496
A Closer Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components 503
A Closer Look Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 511
Chemistry and Life Sickle-Cell Anemia 515
14 Chemical Kinetics 524
14.1 Factors that Affect Reaction Rates 526
14.2 Reaction Rates 527
Change of Rate with Time 528
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry 530
14.3 Concentration and Rate 532
Exponents in the Rate Law 533
Units of Rate Constants 535
Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws 535
14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time 537
First-Order Reactions 537
Second-Order Reactions 539
Half-Life 541
14.5 Temperature and Rate 543
The Collision Model 543
The Orientation Factor 544
Activation Energy 544
The Arrhenius Equation 546
Determining the Activation Energy 547
14.6 Reaction Mechanisms 549
Elementary Steps 549
Multistep Mechanisms 549
Rate Laws for Elementary Steps 551
Rate Laws for Multistep Mechanisms 552
Mechanisms with an Initial Fast Step 553
14.7 Catalysis 555
Homogeneous Catalysis 556
Heterogeneous Catalysis 557
Enzymes 559
Summary and Key Terms 563
Exercises 564
eMedia Exercises 573
A Closer Look Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates 532
Chemistry at Work Methyl Bromide in the Atmosphere 542
Chemistry at Work Catalytic Converters 559
Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase 561
15 Chemical Equilibrium 574
15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium 577
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant 578
The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants 582
The Direction of the Chemical Equation and Keq 583
Other Ways to Manipulate Chemical Equations and Keq Values 584
Units of Equilibrium Constants 586
15.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria 586
15.4 Calculating Equilibrium Constants 588
15.5 Applications of Equilibrium Constants 590
Predicting the Direction of Reaction 591
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations 592
15.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle 594
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations 594
Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes 596
Effect of Temperature Changes 598
The Effect of Catalysts 601
Summary and Key Terms 604
Exercises 604
eMedia Exercises 611
Chemistry at Work The Haber Process 579
Chemistry at Work Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions 603
16 Acid-Base Equilibria 612
16.1 Acids and Bases：A Brief Review 614
16.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 614
The H＋ Ion in Water 614
Proton-Transfer Reactions 615
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 616
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 618
16.3 The Autoionization of Water 620
The Ion Product of Water 620
16.4 The pH Scale 621
Other “p” Scales 624
Measuring pH 624
16.5 Strong Acids and Bases 625
Strong Acids 625
Strong Bases 626
16.6 Weak Acids 627
Calculating Ka from pH 629
Using Ka to Calculate pH 630
Polyprotic Acids 634
16.7 Weak Bases 636
Types of Weak Bases 637
16.8 Relationship Between Ka and Kb 639
16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions 641
An Anion’s Ability to React with Water 641
A Cation’s Ability to React with Water 642
Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution 642
16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure 644
Factors that Affect Acid Strength 644
Binary Acids 645
Oxyacids 645
Carboxylic Acids 647
16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases 648
Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 650
Summary and Key Terms 652
Exercises 653
eMedia Exercises 659
Chemistry at Work Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides 640
Chemistry and Life The Amphoteric Behavior of Amino Acids 649
17 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 660
17.1 The Common-Ion Effect 662
17.2 Buffered Solutions 664
Composition and Action of Buffered Solutions 664
Buffer Capacityand pH 666
Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers 668
17.3 Acid-Base Titrations 671
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations 671
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations 673
Titrations of Polyprotic Acids 677
17.4 Solubility Equilibria 678
The Solubility-Product Constant，Ksp 678
Solubility and Ksp 679
17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility 681
Common-Ion Effect 681
Solubility and pH 683
Formation of Complex Ions 686
Amphoterism 689
17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions 690
Selective Precipitation of Ions 691
17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements 692
Summary and Key Terms 696
Exercises 697
eMedia Exercises 701
Chemistry and Life Blood as a Buffered Solution 669
A Closer Look Limitations of Solubility Products 682
Chemistry and Life Sinkholes 684
Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation 688
18 Chemistry of the Environment 702
18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere 704
Composition of the Atmosphere 705
18.2 Outer Regions of the Atmosphere 706
Photodissociation 706
Photoionization 707
18.3 Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere 708
Depletion of the Ozone Layer 710
18.4 Chemistry of the Troposphere 711
Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain 712
Carbon Monoxide 713
Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog 715
Water Vapor，Carbon Dioxide，and Climate 716
18.5 The World Ocean 718
Seawater 718
Desalination 719
18.6 Freshwater 720
Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality 721
Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies 722
18.7 Green Chemistry 723
Solvents and Reagents 724
Other Processes 725
Water Purification 726
Summary and Key Terms 728
Exercises 729
eMedia Exercises 733
A Closer Look Methane as a Greenhouse Gas 717
A Closer Look Water Softening 723
19 Chemical Thermodynamics 734
19.1 Spontaneous Processes 736
Reversible and Irreversible Processes 737
19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 740
The Spontaneous Expansion of a Gas 740
Entropy 742
Relating Entropy to Heat Transfer and Temperature 744
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 745
19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy 748
19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 753
Entropy Changes in the Surroundings 754
19.5 Gibbs Free Energy 755
Standard Free-Energy Changes 756
19.6 Free Energy and Temperature 759
19.7 Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant 761
Summary and Key Terms 767
Exercises 768
eMedia Exercises 775
A Closer Look Reversibility and Work 738
A Closer Look The Entropy Change of Expansion 745
Chemistry and Life Entropy and Life 747
A Closer Look Entropy，Disorder，and Ludwig Boltzmann 750
A Closer Look What’s “Free” About Free Energy？ 757
Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions 765
20 Electrochemistry 776
20.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 778
20.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 779
Half-Reactions 780
Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions 780
Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution 783
20.3 Voltaic Cells 784
A Molecular View of Electrode Processes 787
20.4 Cell EMF 788
Standard Reduction（Half-Cell） Potentials 789
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 794
20.5 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions 796
EMF and Free-Energy Change 797
20.6 Effect of Concentration on Cell EMF 798
The Nernst Equation 799
Concentration Cells 801
Cell EMF and Chemical Equilibrium 803
20.7 Batteries 805
Lead-Acid Battery 806
Alkaline Battery 807
Nickel-Cadmium，Nickel-Metal-Hydride，and Lithium-Ion Batteries 807
Fuel Cells 808
20.8 Corrosion 809
Corrosion of Iron 809
Preventing the Corrosion of Iron 810
20.9 Electrolysis 812
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions 813
Electrolysis with Active Electrodes 815
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis 816
Electrical Work 817
Summary and Key Terms 820
Exercises 821
eMedia Exercises 829
Chemistry and Life Heartbeats and Electrocardiography 804
21 Nuclear Chemistry 830
21.1 Radioactivity 832
Nuclear Equations 832
Types of Radioactive Decay 833
21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability 835
Neutron-to-Proton Ratio 835
Radioactive Series 837
Further Observations 837
21.3 Nuclear Transmutations 838
Using Charged Particles 839
Using Neutrons 839
Transuranium Elements 839
21.4 Rates of Radioactive Decay 840
Dating 841
Calculations Based on Half-life 842
21.5 Detection of Radioactivity 844
Radiotracers 845
21.6 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions 846
Nuclear Binding Energies 847
21.7 Nuclear Fission 850
Nuclear Reactors 851
21.8 Nuclear Fusion 854
21.9 Biological Effects of Radiation 855
Radiation Doses 856
Radon 856
Summary and Key Terms 859
Exercises 860
eMedia Exercises 865
Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers 848
A Closer Look The Dawning of the Nuclear Age 852
Chemistry and Life Radiation Therapy 857
22 Chemistry of the Nonmetals 866
22.1 General Concepts：Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions 868
Chemical Reactions 869
22.2 Hydrogen 871
Isotopes of Hydrogen 871
Properties of Hydrogen 872
Preparation of Hydrogen 872
Uses of Hydrogen 873
Binary Hydrogen Compounds 873
22.3 Group 8A：The Noble Gases 875
Noble-Gas Compounds 875
22.4 Group 7A：The Halogens 876
Properties and Preparation of the Halogens 877
Uses of the Halogens 878
The Hydrogen Halides 879
Interhalogen Compounds 880
Oxyacids and Oxyanions 880
22.5 Oxygen 881
Properties of Oxygen 881
Preparation of Oxygen 882
Uses of Oxygen 882
Ozone 882
Oxides 884
Peroxides and Superoxides 885
22.6 The Other Group 6A Elements：S，Se，Te，and Po 886
General Characteristics of the Group 6A Elements 886
Occurrences and Preparation of S，Se，and Te 887
Properties and Uses of Sulfur，Selenium，and Tellurium 887
Sulfides 888
Oxides，Oxyacids，and Oxyanions of Sulfur 889
22.7 Nitrogen 890
Properties of Nitrogen 890
Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen 891
Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen 892
Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen 893
22.8 The Other Group 5A Elements：P，As，Sb，and Bi 895
General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements 895
Occurrence，Isolation，and Properties of Phosphorus 896
Phosphorus Halides 896
Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus 897
22.9 Carbon 900
Elemental Forms of Carbon 900
Oxides of Carbon 901
Carbonic Acid and Carbonates 903
Carbides 904
Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon 905
22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements：Si，Ge，Sn，and Pb 905
General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements 905
Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 906
Silicates 906
Glass 908
Silicones 909
22.11 Boron 909
Summary and Key Terms 911
Exercises 913
eMedia Exercises 917
Chemistry and Life Nitrites in Food 894
Chemistry and Life Arsenic in Drinking Water 900
Chemistry at Work Carbon Fibers and Composites 902
23 Metals and Metallurgy 918
23.1 Occurrence and Distribution of Metals 920
Minerals 920
Metallurgy 921
23.2 Pyrometallurgy 922
The Pyrometallurgy of Iron 923
Formation of Steel 924
23.3 Hydrometallurgy 925
The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum 925
23.4 Electrometallurgy 926
Electrometallurgy of Sodium 926
Electrometallurgy of Aluminum 927
Electrorefining of Copper 928
23.5 Metallic Bonding 930
Physical Properties of Metals 930
Electron-Sea Model for Metallic Bonding 930
Molecular-Orbital Model for Metals 931
23.6 Alloys 933
Intermetallic Compounds 935
23.7 Transition Metals 936
Physical Properties 936
Electron Configurations and Oxidation States 937
Magnetism 939
23.8 Chemistry of Selected Transition Metals 940
Chromium 940
Iron 940
Copper 941
Summary and Key Terms 943
Exercises 944
eMedia Exercises 947
A Closer Look Charles M.Hall 928
A Closer Look Insulators and Semiconductors 932
A Closer Look Shape Memory Alloys 935
24 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds 948
24.1 Metal Complexes 950
The Development of Coordination Chemistry：Werner’s Theory 950
The Metal-Ligand Bond 952
Charges，Coordination Numbers，and Geometries 952
24.2 Ligands with More than One Donor Atom 954
Metals and Chelates in Living Systems 956
24.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Chemistry 960
24.4 Isomerism 961
Structural Isomerism 962
Stereoisomerism 962
24.5 Color and Magnetism 966
Color 966
Magnetism 968
24.6 Crystal-Field Theory 968
Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 971
Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes 972
Summary and Key Terms 975
Exercises 976
eMedia Exercises 981
A Closer Look Entropy and the Chelate Effect 956
Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems 959
A Closer Look Charge-Transfer Color 974
25 The Chemistry of Life：Organic and Biological Chemistry 982
25.1 Some General Characteristics of Organic Molecules 984
The Structures of Organic Molecules 984
The Stabilities of Organic Substances 984
Solubility and Acid-Base Properties of Organic Substances 985
25.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons 986
25.3 Alkanes 987
Structures of Alkanes 988
Structural Isomers 988
Nomenclature of Alkanes 989
Cycloalkanes 992
Reactions of Alkanes 994
25.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 994
Alkenes 994
Alkynes 996
Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 997
Mechanism of Addition Reactions 998
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1000
25.5 Functional Groups：Alcohols and Ethers 1001
Alcohols（R—OH） 1003
Ethers（R—O—R′） 1004
25.6 Compounds with a Carbonyl Group 1004
Aldehydes（R—O==C—H） and Ketones（R—O==C—R′） 1005
Carboxylic Acids（R—O==C—OH） 1005
Esters（R—O==C—O—R′） 1007
Amines and Amides 1009
25.7 Chirality in Organic Chemistry 1009
25.8 Introduction to Biochemistry 1011
25.9 Proteins 1012
Amino Acids 1012
Polypeptides and Proteins 1013
Protein Structure 1015
25.10 Carbohydrates 1017
Disaccharides 1018
Polysaccharides 1019
25.11 Nucleic Acids 1020
Summary and Key Terms 1025
Exercises 1026
eMedia Exercises 1033
Chemistry at Work Gasoline 992
Chemistry at Work The Accidental Discovery of TeflonTM 998
A Closer Look Aromatic Stabilization 1001
Chemistry and Life The Origins of Chirality in Living Systems 1016
Strategies in Chemistry What Now？ 1025
Appendices 1034
A Mathematical Operations 1034
B Properties of Water 1040
C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K（25℃） 1041
D Aqueous-Equilibrium Constants 1044
E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25℃ 1046
Answers to Selected Exercises 1047
Glossary 1079
Photo/Art Credits 1091
Index 1093