PART I Foundation 1
1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication 3
Why Study Intercultural Communication？ 4
Technological Development 4
Globalization of the Economy 5
Widespread Population Migrations 6
Development of Multiculturalism 7
A Short History of Intercultural Communication 7
The Chronological Development of Intercultural CommunicationStudy 8
The Content of Intercultural Communication Study 13
Outline of the Textbook 16
Recap 17
Rethink 19
Questions for Discussion 19
2 Communication and Culture 20
The Communication Process 21
Communication Defined 21
Characteristics of Communication 21
A Model of Communication 24
The Nature of Culture 25
Culture Defined 25
Functions of Culture 26
Characteristics of Culture 26
Intercultural Communication 28
Forms of Intercultural Communication 28
Recap 29
Rethink 30
Questions for Discussion 30
3 Cultural Perception and Values 32
The Nature of Perception 33
Perception Defined 33
Stages of the Perception Process 33
Cultural Inuence on Perception 35
Stereotypes 39
Dimensions of Stereopes 40
Prejudice 40
Forms of Prejudice 41
Origins and Impact of Stereotypes and Prejudice 42
The Nature of Values 43
Values and Communication 43
Cultural Value Orientations 45
Models for the Study of Cultural Value Orientations 46
Kluckhohn and Strodbeck’s Model 46
Condon and Yousef s Model 46
Hall’s Culture Context Model 50
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 51
Recap 54
Rethink 55
Questions for Discussion 57
PART Ⅱ Context 59
4 Language and Culture 61
Linguistics 62
The Structure of Human Language 63
Morphology 63
Phonology 63
Syntax 63
Semantics 64
Pragmatics 64
Characteristics of Language 65
Variations of Human Language 66
Dialects 66
Pidgins 68
Creole 68
Lingua Franca 69
Jargon 69
Argot 69
Taboo 70
Language and Culture 70
Language Determines Our Culture 70
Language Reects Our Attitude 71
Cultural value Orientations and Language ExpressionsRelational Orientations 73
Positional Role Behavior 76
Ancestor Worship 78
Recap 80
Rethink 80
Questions for Discussion 81
5 Nonverbal Communication and Culture 82
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication 83
Nonverbal and Verbal Communication 83
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 84
Repetition 85
Replacement 85
Emphasis 85
Contradiction 85
Regulation 85
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication 86
Nonverbal Communication Is Less Systematized than Verbal Communication 86
Nonverbal Communication Is Culture-Bound 86
Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous 88
The Structure of Nonverbal Communication 88
Kinesics 88
Proxemics 95
Paralanguage 96
Chronemics 99
Nonverbal Communication and Culture 101
Intercultural Skills in Nonverbal Communication 104
Recap 105
Rethink 106
Questions for Discussion 107
PART Ⅲ Interaction 109
6 Intercultural Relationship Development 111
The Nature of Human Relationship 112
Human Relationship Defined 112
Characteristics of Human Relationship 113
Stages of Relationship Development 114
Devito’s Model 115
Knapp and Vangelisti’s Model 115
Chen’s Model 117
Theories of Relationship Development 120
Social Exchange Theory 120
Social Penetration Theory 121
Uncertainty Reduction Theory 122
Communication Accommodation Theory 124
Relationship Development and Culture 124
Particularism/Universalism 126
Long-Term/Short-Term Relationships 126
Ingroup/Outgroup Relationships 128
Formal/Informal Relationships 128
Personal/Public Relationships 130
Third-Culture Building 133
Intrapersonal Intracultural Communication 134
Interpersonal Intercultural Communication 135
Rhetorical Intercultural Communication 136
Metacultural Communication 137
Intracultural Communication 137
Recap 138
Rethink 138
Questions for Discussion 139
7 Intercultural Conflict Management 140
The Nature of Conftict 141
Types of Conflict 143
Cultural Influence on Conflict Management 144
Thinking Patterns 144
Language Barriers 146
Cultural Context 148
Determinant Factors of Conflicts 150
Face 152
Interrelation 153
Favor 154
Seniority 156
Status 156
Power 156
Credibility 157
Interest 157
Severity of the Conflict 157
Gender 157
Effective Management of Intercultural Conflicts 158
Recap 161
Rethink 161
Questions for Discussion 162
8 Intercultural Adaptation 163
Culture Shock and Intercultural Adaptation 164
Aspects of Culture Shock 165
Forms of Culture Shock 167
Symptoms of Culture Shock 167
Effects of Culture Shock 169
Perspectives on the Study of Intercultural Adaptation 170
Dimensions of Intercultural Adaptation 171
Stages of Intercultural Adaptation 172
U-Curve Pattern 173
W-Curve Pattern and Reentry Shock 174
Models for the Study of Intercultural Adaptation 175
A Dialectical Model 175
A Transformative Learning Model 178
Recap 179
Rethink 181
Questions for Discussion 181
9 Listening between Co-Cultures 182
Levels of Listening 185
Intrapersonal Listening 185
Interpersonal Intracultural Listening 187
History 191
Intercultural Listening 191
Listening across Emotions 191
Fusing Horizons 192
Selective Listening 192
Components of Intercultural Listening 193
Reciprocal Attending 193
Verbal and Nonverbal Messages 194
Differing History， Linguisticality， and Socialization 195
Mutual Understanding 197
Intercultural Listening as Qualitative Research 198
Stepping Outside to Listen 199
Narrative Listening 200
Sense-Making 201
The Media and Co-Cultural Narratives 203
How to Listen across Cultures 204
Reducing the Need to Consider New Ideas 204
Accepting the Added Demands of Seeing and Hearing Novel Messages 204
Waiting as Long as Possible before Merging the Story of Another into Our Own Narrative 205
Using Reciprocal Questioning to Build a Common Narrative with the Other Cultural Interactant 206
Recap 206
Rethink 207
Questions for Discussion 208
PART Ⅳ Application 209
10 Cultural Diversity and Multiculturalism 211
The Challenge of Cultural Diversity 213
Cultural Diversity in Organizations 215
Report by the U.S.Department of Labor 215
Gender Impact 216
Ethnic Impact 218
Business Impact 220
Managing a Culturally Diverse Workforce 221
Planning 221
Organization 222
Leadership 222
Techniques for Diversity Management in Organizations 224
Multicultural Education 225
Exposure to Multicultural Perspectives 226
Maintaining Cultural Identity 227
Developing Intercultural Communication Skills 227
Diversification of Curriculum 228
Stages of the Process ofMulticulturalism 229
The Need for Intercultural Sensitivity 230
What is Intercultural Sensitivity？ 230
Intercultural Sensitiving and Training Programs 231
Components of Intercultural Sensitivity 232
Recap 236
Rethink 236
Questions for Discussion 238
11 Intercultural Communication Competence 239
The Nature of Communication Competence 240
Definition of Competence 240
Definition of Intercultural Communication Competence 241
Culture and Communication Competence 242
Approaches to the Study of Intercultural Communication Competence 242
Overseasmanship Approach 242
Subjective Culture Approach 242
Multicultural Person Approach 243
Social Behaviorism Approach 243
Typology Approach 243
Intercultural Communicators Approach 243
Dimensions and Components of Intercultural Communication Competence 244
Personality Attributes 244
Communication Skills 246
Psychological Adjustment 249
Cultural Awareness 252
Recap 253
Rethink 254
Questions for Discussion 257
12 Intercultural Training 258
Why Intercultural Training？ 259
Effects of Intercultural Training 259
Goals of Intercultural Training 261
Models of Intercultural Training 262
The Classroom Model 263
The Simulation Model 264
The Self-Awareness Model 265
The Cultural Awareness Model 266
The Behavioral Model 266
The Interaction Model 267
Intercultural Training Techniques 268
Role Playing 268
Case Studies 268
Critical Incidents 272
Cultural Assimilators 273
Simulations 275
Evaluation of Intercultural Training 277
Recap 279
Rethink 279
Questions for Discussion 280
PART Ⅴ Ethical Issues and the Future 281
13 Ethics and the Future of intercultural Communication 283
The Nature of Intercultural Communication Ethics 284
Ethics Defined 284
Why Study Intercultural Communication Ethics？ 284
Theories of Ethical Study 285
Principles of Ethical Intercultural Communication 288
Mutuality 288
Nonjudgmentalism 288
Honesty 288
Respect 289
Ethical Rules for Intercultural Communication 289
Promote Voluntary Participation in the Interaction 289
Seek Individual Focus Prior to Cultural Focus 289
Maintain the Right to Freedom from Harm 290
Accept the Right to Privacy of Thought and Action 290
Avoid Imposing Personal Biases 290
The Future of Intercultural Communication 292
Increasing or Decreasing Intercultural Contact 293
International Perspective 293
Domestic Perspective 295
Unity versus Division 296
Ethnocentrism 296
Gender Impact 298
The Study of Intercultural Communication 299
Education 299
Business 302
Research 303
Recap 305
Questions for Discussion 306
References 307
Indcx 332