Chapter1 Thinking and Caring About World Politics 1
The Importance of Studying World Politics 2
World Politics and Your Finances 4
International Trade and Your Finances 4
The Flow of International Capital and Your Finances 5
Defense Spending and Your Finances 5
World Politics and Your Living Space 7
World Politics and Your Life 8
Can We Make a Difference? 9
The World Tomorrow: Two Roads Diverge 11
Realism and Liberalism: Some Travel Notes on Two Roads 12
The Nature of Politics: Realism and Liberalism 13
Realism and the Nature of Politics 13
Liberalism and the Nature of Politics 14
The Roles of Power and Justice: Realism and Liberalism 14
Realism: An Emphasis on Power 14
Liberalism: An Emphasis on Justice 15
Prospects for Competition and Cooperation: Realism and Liberalism 16
Realism and the Competitive Future 16
Liberalism and the Cooperative Future 17
Assessing Reality: Realism and Liberalism 18
How to Study World Politics 19
Political Scientists and World Politics 19
Why Political Scientists Study World Politics 19
How Political Scientists Conduct Research 20
What to Study: Levels of Analysis 21
Chapter Summary 21
Chapter 2 The Evolution of World Politics 24
The Evolving World System: Early Development 25
The Evolving World System: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 27
The Evolving World System: The Twentieth Century 28
The Twentieth Century: The Years to World War Ⅱ 29
The Twentieth Century: The Cold War Begins and Ends 30
The Rise and Decline of the Bipolar System 31
The End of the Bipolar System 32
The Twenty-First Century Begins: Changes and Choices 33
Political Structure and Orientation: Changes and Choices 33
The Emerging Polar Structure 33
The Weakening Western Orientation of the International System 34
Challenges to the Authority of the State 35
Security: Changes and Choices 36
International Economics: Changes and Choices 37
Economic Interdependence 38
Economic Disparity Between North and South 39
The Quality of Life: Changes and Choices 40
Human Rights 40
The Environment 41
Chapter Summary 43
Chapter 3 Levels of Analysis 45
System-Level Analysis 45
Structural Characteristics 46
The Organization of Authority 46
The Actors 47
Scope and Level of Interaction 50
Power Relationships in the International System 50
Number of System Poles 50
Concentration of Power 51
Power Changes: Causes and Effects 53
Economic Patterns in the International System 53
Norms of Behavior in the International System 55
System-Level Analysis: Predicting Tomorrow 56
State-Level Analysis 57
Understanding State-Level Analysis 57
Making Foreign Policy: Types of Government, Situations, and Policy 58
Types of Government 59
Types of Situations 61
Types of Policy 62
Making Foreign Policy: Political Culture 62
Making Foreign Policy: Actors in the Process 63
Political Executives 63
Bureaucracies 64
Legislatures 66
Political Opposition 67
Interest Groups 67
The People 68
Individual-Level Analysis 70
The Human Element 70
Cognitive Factors 70
Psychological Factors 71
Biological Factors 72
Organizational Behavior 74
Role Behavior 74
Group Decision-Making Behavior 75
Leaders and Their Idiosyncrasies 76
Personality 77
Physical and Mental Health 77
Ego and Ambition 78
Political History and Personal Experiences 78
Perceptions 80
Chapter Summary 81
Chapter 4 Nationalism:The Traditional Orientation 84
Understanding Nations, Nation-States, and Nationalism 85
Nations 85
Nation-States 88
Nationalism 88
The Evolution of Nationalism 88
The Rise of Nationalism 89
The Predicted Demise of Nationalism 90
Persistent Nationalism 91
Nationalism: Builder and Destroyer 91
The Beneficent Face of Nationalism 92
The Troubled Face of Nationalism 93
How We Relate to Others 93
The Lack of Fit Between Nations and States 96
Nationalism and the Future 100
Self-Determination as a Goal 100
Nationalism: Will the Curtain Fall? 102
Chapter Summary 104
Chapter 5 Transnationalism: The Alternative Orientation 105
The Origins and Evolution of Transnationalism 106
TransnationalInteraction 107
Transnational Economics 107
Transnational Communications 107
Transnational Transportation 109
TransnationalOrganizations 110
The Transnational Women's Movement 111
The Transnational Women's Movement: Perspectives and Goals 112
The Transnational Women's Movement: Programs and Progress 115
TransnationalReligion 117
Religion and World Politics 117
The Strength of Religious Fundamentalism 119
Islam and the World 120
The Political Heritage of Muslims 121
Islam and Nationalism 121
Islam and the Non-Islamic World 122
Islamic Traditionalism and Secularism 123
Transnational Culture 124
The Spread of Common Culture 124
The Resistance to a Common Culture 127
Transnationalism Tomorrow 128
Chapter Summary 129
Chapter 6 National States: The Traditional Structure 131
The Nature and Origins of the State 131
The State Defined 132
Sovereignty 132
Territory 133
Population 133
Diplomatic Recognition 134
Internal Organization 135
Domestic Support 135
The Origins of the State 136
The State as the Core Political Organization 137
Theories of Governance 137
Authoritarian Theories of Governance 137
Democratic Theories of Governance 139
State Governance and World Politics 139
The Drive for Universal Democracy: Issues 140
National and Other Interests 142
National Interest as a Standard of Conduct 142
Alternatives to National Interest 145
States andi the Future 145
The State: The Indictment 146
States Are Obsolete 146
States Are Destructive 148
The State: The Defense 148
The State: The Verdict 149
Chapter Summary 150
Chapter 7 International Organization:The Alternative Structure 152
The Origins, Growth, and Roles of International Organization 153
The Origins of IGOs 153
Belief in a Community of Humankind 154
Big-Power Peacekeeping 154
Pragmatic Cooperation 154
The Growth of IGOs 154
Theories of IGO Growth 155
Reasons for Growth 155
Roles That IGOs Play 157
Interactive Arena 157
Creator and Center of Cooperation 158
Independent International Actor 158
Supranational Organization 159
Regional IGOs: Focus on the European Union 159
The Origins and Evolution of the European Union 160
Economic Integration 160
Political Integration 161
The Government of Europe: A Prototype 161
Political Leadership 161
Bureaucracy 162
Legislative Branch 162
Judicial Branch 163
The Future of the EU 163
Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations 166
IGO Organization and Related Issues 166
General Membership 167
Representative Bodies 167
Voting Formulas 169
Political Leadership 171
Bureaucracy 173
IGO Financing and Related Issues 174
IGO Activities and Related Issues 175
Promoting International Peace and Security 175
Evaluating IGOs and Their Future 181
Chapter Summary 183
Chapter 8 National Power and Diplowacy:The Traditional Approach 185
National Power: The Foundation of Diplomacy 187
Power as an Asset 188
Measuring Power 189
Characteristics of Power 189
The Elements of Power 192
The National Core 192
National Geography 192
People 193
Government 194
The National Infrastructure 194
Technology 195
Transportation Systems 196
Information and Communications Systems 196
The Nature of Diplomacy 196
The Functions of Diplomacy 198
The Diplomatic Setting 199
The International System 199
The Diplomatic Environment 200
The Domestic Connection 202
The Conduct of Diplomacy 202
Modern Diplomacy 203
Expansion of Geographic Scope 203
Multilateral Diplomacy 203
Parliamentary Diplomacy 205
Democratized Diplomacy 205
Open Diplomacy 205
Leader-to-Leader Diplomacy 206
Public Diplomacy 207
The Rules of Effective Diplomacy 208
Options for Conducting Diplomacy 210
Director Indirect Negotiations 210
High-Level or Low-Level Diplomacy 210
Using Coercion or Rewards to Gain Agreement 212
Being Precise or Being Intentionally Vague 213
Communicating by Word or Deed 213
Linking Issues or Treating Them Separately 214
Maximizing or Minimizing a Dispute 214
Chapter Summary 215
Chapter 9 International Law and Morality:The Alternative Approach 217
Fundamentals of International Law and Morality 218
The Primitive Nature of International Law 218
The Growth of International Law 219
The Practice of International Law 220
The Fundamentals of International Morality 221
The International Legal System 221
The Philosophical Roots of Law 222
How International Law Is Made 223
Adherence to the Law 224
Adjudication of the Law 226
Applying International Law and Morality 229
Cultural Perspectives 229
Applying International Law and Morality in a Multicultural World 231
Applying International Law and Morality to States 231
Should States Be Held to the Same Standards as Individuals 232
States and Issues of Law and Morality 232
Applying International Law and Morality to Individuals 237
Post-World War II Tribunals 237
The National Enforcement of International Law 238
Current International Tribunals 238
International Criminal Court 239
Law and Morality: Issues of Prudent Judgment and Application 241
The Future of International Law and Morality 243
Chapter Summary 243
Chapter 10 Pursuing Security 245
Thinking About Security 245
A Tale of Insecurity 246
A Drama and Dialogue of Insecurity 246
Critiquing the Drama 247
Conflict and Insecurity: The Traditional Road 247
War and World Politics 247
War: The Human Record 248
The Causes of War: Three Levels of Analysis 249
Force as a Political Instrument 249
Levels of Violence: From Intimidation to Attack 249
The Effectiveness of Force 250
The Changing Nature of War 252
Classifying Wars 253
Unconventional Warfare 253
Arms Transfers 253
Special Operations 257
Terrorism 257
Conventional Warfare 264
Weapons of Mass Destruction Warfare 265
Biological Weapons 266
Chemical Weapons 266
The Potential for Nuclear War 267
Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Strategy 269
Global and International SecurityThe Alternative Road 270
Limited Self-Defense Through Arms Control 272
Methods of Achieving Arms Control 272
The Barriers to Arms Control 274
International Security Forces 278
International Security Forces: Theory and Practice 278
International Security and the Future 283
Abolition of War 284
Complete Disarmament 284
Pacifism 285
Chapter Summary 287
Chapter 11 globalization in the World Econowy 289
Theories of International Political Economy 290
Economic Nationalism 290
Economic Internationalism 292
Economic Structuralism 293
Marxist Theory 293
Dependency and World Systems Theory 294
Two Economic Worlds: North and South 295
Two Economic Worlds: Analyzing the Data 295
Two Economic Worlds: Human Conditions 297
The Growth and Extent of International Political Economy 298
Trade 299
A General Pattern of Expanding Trade 299
Uneven Patterns of Trade: North and South 301
International Investment 303
Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investment 303
International Investment and Multinational Corporations 303
Monetary Relations 304
The Globalization of the Monetary System 304
Exchange Rates 305
Balance of Payments 306
Globalization and Interdependence: Debating the Future 307
The Case for Free Economic Interchange 309
The Case Against Free Economic Interchange 313
The Debate in Perspective 317
Chapter Summary 318
Chapter 12 global Econowic Cowpeition and Cooperation 320
Global Economic Competition: The Traditional Road 321
National Economic Power: Assets and Utilization 321
Methods of Manipulating Economic Interchange 321
Applying Economic Power 323
The North and International Political Economy 325
The National Economies of the North 325
National Economic Issues and Policies of the North 327
The South and International Political Economy 329
Development in the South: Status 330
Development in the South: Capital Needs 331
Development in the South: LDC Perspectives and Policies 335
The Future of National Economic Policy 341
Global Economic Cooperation: The Alternative Road 341
Global Economic Cooperation: Background 342
Global Economic Cooperation: The Institutions 343
The United Nations and Economic Cooperation 343
Trade Cooperation: The GATT and the WTO 345
Monetary Cooperation: The IMF 347
Development Cooperation: The World Bank Group 353
Regional Economic Cooperation 355
The Western Hemisphere 357
Asia, the Pacific and Elsewhere 362
The Future of Regionalism 363
Chapter Summary 365
Chapter 13 Preserving and Enhancing Huwan Rights and Dignity 367
The Biosphere and Its Inhabitants:The Essence of Politics 368
The Nature of Human Rights 368
Human Rights: Quality of Life Issues and Progress 370
Food 371
Causes of the Food Problem 372
The International Response to the Food Problem 373
Health 374
Education 376
Human Rights Issues Regarding Abuses of Individuals and Groups 377
Human Rights Abuses: Diverse Discrimination and Oppression 377
Women 379
Children 380
Ethnic and Racial Groups 381
Religious Groups 382
Indigenous People 382
Refugees and Immigrants 383
The International Response to Individual and Group Human Rights Issues 384
Chapter Summary 390
Chapter 14 Preserving and Enhancing the global Cowwons 392
Toward Sustainable Development 392
The Ecological State of the World 393
Sustainable Development 394
The Conundrum of Sustainable Development 395
Options for Sustainable Development 396
Sustainable Development: Issues and Cooperation 398
Population Issues and Cooperation 399
Causes of the Population Problem 400
The International Response to the Population Problem 402
Resource Issues and Cooperation 405
Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Minerals 405
Forests and Land 407
Wildlife 409
Water 410
Resource Conservation: The Global Response 411
Land and Wildlife 411
The Seas and Fisheries 412
Environmental Issues 414
Ground Pollution 414
Water Pollution 414
Air Pollution 415
Global Warming 416
Ozone Layer Depletion 419
Environmental Protection: The International Response 420
Chapter Summary 422
Epilogue 425
Endnotes 427
Glossary 433
Abbreviations 445
References 447
Index 467