International politics on the world stagePDF电子书下载

Chapter1 Thinking and Caring About World Politics 1

The Importance of Studying World Politics 2

World Politics and Your Finances 4

International Trade and Your Finances 4

The Flow of International Capital and Your Finances 5

Defense Spending and Your Finances 5

World Politics and Your Living Space 7

World Politics and Your Life 8

Can We Make a Difference? 9

The World Tomorrow: Two Roads Diverge 11

Realism and Liberalism: Some Travel Notes on Two Roads 12

The Nature of Politics: Realism and Liberalism 13

Realism and the Nature of Politics 13

Liberalism and the Nature of Politics 14

The Roles of Power and Justice: Realism and Liberalism 14

Realism: An Emphasis on Power 14

Liberalism: An Emphasis on Justice 15

Prospects for Competition and Cooperation: Realism and Liberalism 16

Realism and the Competitive Future 16

Liberalism and the Cooperative Future 17

Assessing Reality: Realism and Liberalism 18

How to Study World Politics 19

Political Scientists and World Politics 19

Why Political Scientists Study World Politics 19

How Political Scientists Conduct Research 20

What to Study: Levels of Analysis 21

Chapter Summary 21

Chapter 2 The Evolution of World Politics 24

The Evolving World System: Early Development 25

The Evolving World System: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 27

The Evolving World System: The Twentieth Century 28

The Twentieth Century: The Years to World War Ⅱ 29

The Twentieth Century: The Cold War Begins and Ends 30

The Rise and Decline of the Bipolar System 31

The End of the Bipolar System 32

The Twenty-First Century Begins: Changes and Choices 33

Political Structure and Orientation: Changes and Choices 33

The Emerging Polar Structure 33

The Weakening Western Orientation of the International System 34

Challenges to the Authority of the State 35

Security: Changes and Choices 36

International Economics: Changes and Choices 37

Economic Interdependence 38

Economic Disparity Between North and South 39

The Quality of Life: Changes and Choices 40

Human Rights 40

The Environment 41

Chapter Summary 43

Chapter 3 Levels of Analysis 45

System-Level Analysis 45

Structural Characteristics 46

The Organization of Authority 46

The Actors 47

Scope and Level of Interaction 50

Power Relationships in the International System 50

Number of System Poles 50

Concentration of Power 51

Power Changes: Causes and Effects 53

Economic Patterns in the International System 53

Norms of Behavior in the International System 55

System-Level Analysis: Predicting Tomorrow 56

State-Level Analysis 57

Understanding State-Level Analysis 57

Making Foreign Policy: Types of Government, Situations, and Policy 58

Types of Government 59

Types of Situations 61

Types of Policy 62

Making Foreign Policy: Political Culture 62

Making Foreign Policy: Actors in the Process 63

Political Executives 63

Bureaucracies 64

Legislatures 66

Political Opposition 67

Interest Groups 67

The People 68

Individual-Level Analysis 70

The Human Element 70

Cognitive Factors 70

Psychological Factors 71

Biological Factors 72

Organizational Behavior 74

Role Behavior 74

Group Decision-Making Behavior 75

Leaders and Their Idiosyncrasies 76

Personality 77

Physical and Mental Health 77

Ego and Ambition 78

Political History and Personal Experiences 78

Perceptions 80

Chapter Summary 81

Chapter 4 Nationalism:The Traditional Orientation 84

Understanding Nations, Nation-States, and Nationalism 85

Nations 85

Nation-States 88

Nationalism 88

The Evolution of Nationalism 88

The Rise of Nationalism 89

The Predicted Demise of Nationalism 90

Persistent Nationalism 91

Nationalism: Builder and Destroyer 91

The Beneficent Face of Nationalism 92

The Troubled Face of Nationalism 93

How We Relate to Others 93

The Lack of Fit Between Nations and States 96

Nationalism and the Future 100

Self-Determination as a Goal 100

Nationalism: Will the Curtain Fall? 102

Chapter Summary 104

Chapter 5 Transnationalism: The Alternative Orientation 105

The Origins and Evolution of Transnationalism 106

TransnationalInteraction 107

Transnational Economics 107

Transnational Communications 107

Transnational Transportation 109

TransnationalOrganizations 110

The Transnational Women's Movement 111

The Transnational Women's Movement: Perspectives and Goals 112

The Transnational Women's Movement: Programs and Progress 115

TransnationalReligion 117

Religion and World Politics 117

The Strength of Religious Fundamentalism 119

Islam and the World 120

The Political Heritage of Muslims 121

Islam and Nationalism 121

Islam and the Non-Islamic World 122

Islamic Traditionalism and Secularism 123

Transnational Culture 124

The Spread of Common Culture 124

The Resistance to a Common Culture 127

Transnationalism Tomorrow 128

Chapter Summary 129

Chapter 6 National States: The Traditional Structure 131

The Nature and Origins of the State 131

The State Defined 132

Sovereignty 132

Territory 133

Population 133

Diplomatic Recognition 134

Internal Organization 135

Domestic Support 135

The Origins of the State 136

The State as the Core Political Organization 137

Theories of Governance 137

Authoritarian Theories of Governance 137

Democratic Theories of Governance 139

State Governance and World Politics 139

The Drive for Universal Democracy: Issues 140

National and Other Interests 142

National Interest as a Standard of Conduct 142

Alternatives to National Interest 145

States andi the Future 145

The State: The Indictment 146

States Are Obsolete 146

States Are Destructive 148

The State: The Defense 148

The State: The Verdict 149

Chapter Summary 150

Chapter 7 International Organization:The Alternative Structure 152

The Origins, Growth, and Roles of International Organization 153

The Origins of IGOs 153

Belief in a Community of Humankind 154

Big-Power Peacekeeping 154

Pragmatic Cooperation 154

The Growth of IGOs 154

Theories of IGO Growth 155

Reasons for Growth 155

Roles That IGOs Play 157

Interactive Arena 157

Creator and Center of Cooperation 158

Independent International Actor 158

Supranational Organization 159

Regional IGOs: Focus on the European Union 159

The Origins and Evolution of the European Union 160

Economic Integration 160

Political Integration 161

The Government of Europe: A Prototype 161

Political Leadership 161

Bureaucracy 162

Legislative Branch 162

Judicial Branch 163

The Future of the EU 163

Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations 166

IGO Organization and Related Issues 166

General Membership 167

Representative Bodies 167

Voting Formulas 169

Political Leadership 171

Bureaucracy 173

IGO Financing and Related Issues 174

IGO Activities and Related Issues 175

Promoting International Peace and Security 175

Evaluating IGOs and Their Future 181

Chapter Summary 183

Chapter 8 National Power and Diplowacy:The Traditional Approach 185

National Power: The Foundation of Diplomacy 187

Power as an Asset 188

Measuring Power 189

Characteristics of Power 189

The Elements of Power 192

The National Core 192

National Geography 192

People 193

Government 194

The National Infrastructure 194

Technology 195

Transportation Systems 196

Information and Communications Systems 196

The Nature of Diplomacy 196

The Functions of Diplomacy 198

The Diplomatic Setting 199

The International System 199

The Diplomatic Environment 200

The Domestic Connection 202

The Conduct of Diplomacy 202

Modern Diplomacy 203

Expansion of Geographic Scope 203

Multilateral Diplomacy 203

Parliamentary Diplomacy 205

Democratized Diplomacy 205

Open Diplomacy 205

Leader-to-Leader Diplomacy 206

Public Diplomacy 207

The Rules of Effective Diplomacy 208

Options for Conducting Diplomacy 210

Director Indirect Negotiations 210

High-Level or Low-Level Diplomacy 210

Using Coercion or Rewards to Gain Agreement 212

Being Precise or Being Intentionally Vague 213

Communicating by Word or Deed 213

Linking Issues or Treating Them Separately 214

Maximizing or Minimizing a Dispute 214

Chapter Summary 215

Chapter 9 International Law and Morality:The Alternative Approach 217

Fundamentals of International Law and Morality 218

The Primitive Nature of International Law 218

The Growth of International Law 219

The Practice of International Law 220

The Fundamentals of International Morality 221

The International Legal System 221

The Philosophical Roots of Law 222

How International Law Is Made 223

Adherence to the Law 224

Adjudication of the Law 226

Applying International Law and Morality 229

Cultural Perspectives 229

Applying International Law and Morality in a Multicultural World 231

Applying International Law and Morality to States 231

Should States Be Held to the Same Standards as Individuals 232

States and Issues of Law and Morality 232

Applying International Law and Morality to Individuals 237

Post-World War II Tribunals 237

The National Enforcement of International Law 238

Current International Tribunals 238

International Criminal Court 239

Law and Morality: Issues of Prudent Judgment and Application 241

The Future of International Law and Morality 243

Chapter Summary 243

Chapter 10 Pursuing Security 245

Thinking About Security 245

A Tale of Insecurity 246

A Drama and Dialogue of Insecurity 246

Critiquing the Drama 247

Conflict and Insecurity: The Traditional Road 247

War and World Politics 247

War: The Human Record 248

The Causes of War: Three Levels of Analysis 249

Force as a Political Instrument 249

Levels of Violence: From Intimidation to Attack 249

The Effectiveness of Force 250

The Changing Nature of War 252

Classifying Wars 253

Unconventional Warfare 253

Arms Transfers 253

Special Operations 257

Terrorism 257

Conventional Warfare 264

Weapons of Mass Destruction Warfare 265

Biological Weapons 266

Chemical Weapons 266

The Potential for Nuclear War 267

Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Strategy 269

Global and International SecurityThe Alternative Road 270

Limited Self-Defense Through Arms Control 272

Methods of Achieving Arms Control 272

The Barriers to Arms Control 274

International Security Forces 278

International Security Forces: Theory and Practice 278

International Security and the Future 283

Abolition of War 284

Complete Disarmament 284

Pacifism 285

Chapter Summary 287

Chapter 11 globalization in the World Econowy 289

Theories of International Political Economy 290

Economic Nationalism 290

Economic Internationalism 292

Economic Structuralism 293

Marxist Theory 293

Dependency and World Systems Theory 294

Two Economic Worlds: North and South 295

Two Economic Worlds: Analyzing the Data 295

Two Economic Worlds: Human Conditions 297

The Growth and Extent of International Political Economy 298

Trade 299

A General Pattern of Expanding Trade 299

Uneven Patterns of Trade: North and South 301

International Investment 303

Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investment 303

International Investment and Multinational Corporations 303

Monetary Relations 304

The Globalization of the Monetary System 304

Exchange Rates 305

Balance of Payments 306

Globalization and Interdependence: Debating the Future 307

The Case for Free Economic Interchange 309

The Case Against Free Economic Interchange 313

The Debate in Perspective 317

Chapter Summary 318

Chapter 12 global Econowic Cowpeition and Cooperation 320

Global Economic Competition: The Traditional Road 321

National Economic Power: Assets and Utilization 321

Methods of Manipulating Economic Interchange 321

Applying Economic Power 323

The North and International Political Economy 325

The National Economies of the North 325

National Economic Issues and Policies of the North 327

The South and International Political Economy 329

Development in the South: Status 330

Development in the South: Capital Needs 331

Development in the South: LDC Perspectives and Policies 335

The Future of National Economic Policy 341

Global Economic Cooperation: The Alternative Road 341

Global Economic Cooperation: Background 342

Global Economic Cooperation: The Institutions 343

The United Nations and Economic Cooperation 343

Trade Cooperation: The GATT and the WTO 345

Monetary Cooperation: The IMF 347

Development Cooperation: The World Bank Group 353

Regional Economic Cooperation 355

The Western Hemisphere 357

Asia, the Pacific and Elsewhere 362

The Future of Regionalism 363

Chapter Summary 365

Chapter 13 Preserving and Enhancing Huwan Rights and Dignity 367

The Biosphere and Its Inhabitants:The Essence of Politics 368

The Nature of Human Rights 368

Human Rights: Quality of Life Issues and Progress 370

Food 371

Causes of the Food Problem 372

The International Response to the Food Problem 373

Health 374

Education 376

Human Rights Issues Regarding Abuses of Individuals and Groups 377

Human Rights Abuses: Diverse Discrimination and Oppression 377

Women 379

Children 380

Ethnic and Racial Groups 381

Religious Groups 382

Indigenous People 382

Refugees and Immigrants 383

The International Response to Individual and Group Human Rights Issues 384

Chapter Summary 390

Chapter 14 Preserving and Enhancing the global Cowwons 392

Toward Sustainable Development 392

The Ecological State of the World 393

Sustainable Development 394

The Conundrum of Sustainable Development 395

Options for Sustainable Development 396

Sustainable Development: Issues and Cooperation 398

Population Issues and Cooperation 399

Causes of the Population Problem 400

The International Response to the Population Problem 402

Resource Issues and Cooperation 405

Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Minerals 405

Forests and Land 407

Wildlife 409

Water 410

Resource Conservation: The Global Response 411

Land and Wildlife 411

The Seas and Fisheries 412

Environmental Issues 414

Ground Pollution 414

Water Pollution 414

Air Pollution 415

Global Warming 416

Ozone Layer Depletion 419

Environmental Protection: The International Response 420

Chapter Summary 422

Epilogue 425

Endnotes 427

Glossary 433

Abbreviations 445

References 447

Index 467