Part Ⅰ Human Organization 1
1 Organization of the Body 1
Anatomy and Physiology 2
Organization of Body Parts 2
Anatomical Terms 3
Organ Systems 9
Homeostasis 12
Medical Focus：Organ Donation 10
2 Chemistry of Life 16
Elements and Atoms 17
Molecules and Compounds 18
Some Important Organic Molecules 23
Medical Focus：Imaging the Body 19
Medical Focus：Nutrition Labels 26
3 Cell Structure and Function 33
The Plasma Membrane 34
The Nucleus 35
The Cytoplasm 36
Plasma Membrane Transport 39
Cell Division 42
Medical Focus：Hemodialysis 40
MedAlert：Cancer 44
4 Body Tissues and Membranes 48
Body Tissues 49
Body Membranes 59
Medical Focus：Classification of Cancers 57
5 The Integumentary System 62
Structure of the Skin 62
Accessory Structures of the Skin 65
Functions of the Skin 67
Disorders of the Skin 68
Effects of Aging 73
Visual Focus：Temperature Control 69
Medical Focus：Link between UV Radiation and Skin Cancer 70
Medical Focus：Epidermis from the Laboratory 71
Working Together：Integumentary System 74
Part Ⅱ Support and Movement 78
6 The Skeletal System 78
Skeleton：Overview 79
Axial Skeleton 82
Appendicular Skeleton 91
Joints（Articulations） 100
Effects of Aging 105
MedAlert：Arthritic Joints 103
Working Together：Skeletal System 106
7 The Muscular System 110
Types and Functions of Muscles 111
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction 111
Skeletal Muscles of the Body 117
Effects of Aging 129
Working Together 130
Visual Focus：Contraction of a Muscle 113
MedAlert：Benefits of Exercise 116
Working Together：Muscular System 131
Part Ⅲ Integration and Coordination 135
8 The Nervous System 135
Nervous System 136
Central Nervous System 144
Peripheral Nervous System 152
Effects of Aging 158
Working Together 158
Visual Focus：Synapse Structure and Function 141
Medical Focus：The Left and Right Brain 146
Medical Focus：EEG 149
Medical Focus：Spinal Cord Injuries 150
Working Together：Nervous System 159
MedAlert：Alzheimer Disease 160
9 The Sensory System 165
General Receptors 166
Chemoreceptors 168
Photoreceptors 169
Mechanoreceptors 179
Effects of Aging 183
Medical Focus：Myasthenia Gravis 171
MedAlert：Age-Related Macular Degeneration 174
Medical Focus：Corrective Lenses 178
Medical Focus：Hearing Damage and Deafness 182
10 The Endocrine System 186
Endocrine System 187
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 190
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 193
Adrenal Glands 194
Pancreas 197
Testes and Ovaries 199
Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones 199
Effects of Aging 202
Working Together 202
Visual Focus：Hypothalamus and the Pituitary 191
Medical Focus：Glucocorticoid Therapy 195
MedAlert：Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids 200
Working Together：Endocrine System 203
11 Blood 207
Composition of Blood 208
functions of Blood 214
Blood Groups and Typing 216
Effects of Aging 218
Visual Focus：Hematopoiesis 213
Medical Focus：Abnormal Red and White Blood Cell Counts 210
Medical Focus：Who Should Not Give Blood 218
12 The Circulatory System 222
Anatomy of the Heart 223
Vascular System 234
Features of the Circulatory System 244
Effects of Aging 246
Working Together 246
Medical Focus：Congestive Heart Failure 227
Medical Focus：The Electrocardiogram 230
MedAlert：Preventing Heart Attacks 232
Working Together：Circulatory System 247
13 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 251
Lymphatic System 252
Immunity 256
Immunotherapy 262
Immunological Side Effects and Illnesses 266
Effects of Aging 267
Working Together 267
Medical Focus：Lymph Nodes and Illnesses 254
Medical Focus：Bone Marrow Biopsy and Transplant 255
Visual Focus：The Inflammatory Reaction 257
Medical Focus：Immunization：The Great Protector 263
MedAlert：AIDS Epidemic 264
Working Together：Lymphatic System 268
14 The Respiratory System 272
Respiratory Organs 273
Mechanisms of Breathing 278
Respiration Mechanisms and Transport of Gases 282
Respiratory Infections and Lung Disorders 285
Effects of Aging 289
Working Together 289
Medical Focus：Modified Breathing Rates 278
Visual Focus：Inspiration Versus Expiration 280
Medical Focus：Heimlich Maneuver 282
Visual Focus：Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders 288
MedAlert：The Most Often Asked Questions about Smoking，Tobacco，and Health，and…the Answers 290
Working Together：Respiratory System 292
15 The Digestive System 296
Digestive System 297
Accessory Organs 308
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 310
Nutrition 310
Effects of Aging 316
Working Together 316
Medical Focus：Viral Hepatitis 306
MedAlert：Constipation 308
Medical Focus：Human Teeth 311
Medical Focus：Antioxidants 313
Working Together：Digestive System 317
16 The Urinary System 321
Urinary System 322
Urine Formation 325
Regulatory Functions of the Kidney 329
Effects of Aging 333
Working Together 333
Visual Focus：Steps in Urine Formation 326
Medical Focus：Illnesses Detected by Urinalysis 327
MedAlert：Prostate Enlargement 332
Working Together：Urinary System 334
Part Ⅴ Reproduction and Development 337
17 The Reproductive System 337
Male Reproductive System 338
Female Reproductive System 343
Control of Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 352
Effects of Aging 357
WorkingTogether 357
Visual Focus：Anatomy of Ovary and Follicle 344
Medical Focus：Ovarian Cancer 346
Visual Focus：Regulation of Estrogen and Progesterone Secretion by Negative Feedback 348
MedAlert：Endometriosis 351
Medical Focus：Alternative Methods of Reproduction 353
Working Together：Reproductive System 358
18 Human Development and Birth 362
Fertilization 363
Development 366
Birth 373
MedAlert：Detecting Birth Defects 364
Medical Focus：Teratogens 369
Medical Focus：Premature Babies 374
19 Human Genetics 379
Inheritance of Autosomes 381
Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes 383
Gene Inheritance 385
Biochemical Genetics 387
Visual Focus：Ex Vivo Gene Therapy in Humans 390
Appendix A：Reference Figures：The Human Organism 393
Appendix B：Understanding Medical Terminology 400
Appendix C：Answers to MedAlert Questions 408
Appendix D：Further Readings 410
Glossary 412
Credits 429
Index 430