Part Ⅰ．Molecular Components of Cells 1
1．Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 2
2．Water,pH,and Ionic Equilibria 34
3．Thermodynamics of Biological Systems 56
4．Amino Acids 81
5．Proteins：Their Biological Functions and Primary Structure 107
6．Proteins：Secondary,Tertiary,and Quaternary Structure 158
7．Carbohdrates 209
8．Lipids 238
9．Membranes and Cell Surfaces 259
10．Membrane Transport 296
11．Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 327
12．Structure of Nucleic Acids 356
13．Recombinant DNA：Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes 395
Part Ⅱ．Protein Dynamics 425
14．Enzyme Kinetics 426
15．Enzyme Specificity and Regulation 460
16．Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 500
17．Molecular Motors 533
Part Ⅲ．Metabolism and Its Regulation 565
18．Metabolism：An Overview 566
19．Glycolysis 609
20．The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 639
21．Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 673
22．Photosynthesis 709
23．Gluconeogenesis,Glycogen Metabolism,and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 742
24．Fatty Acid Catabolism 775
25．Lipid Biosynthesis 802
26．Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism 852
27．The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides 899
28．Metabolic Integration and the Unidirectionality of Pathways 927
Part Ⅳ．Information Transfer 949
29．DNA：Genetic Information,Recombination,and Mutation 950
30．DNA Replication and Repair 984
31．Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression 1014
32．The Genetic Code 1069
33．Protein Synthesis and Degradation 1089
HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY 54
Chapter 2 Blood pH and Respiration 54
Chapter 6 Collagen-Related Diseases 178
A Mutant Protein That Folds Slowly Can Cause Emphysema and Liver Damage 194
Faster-Acting Insulin：Genetic Engineering Solves a Quaternary Structure Problem 207
Chapter 8 Coumarin or Warfarin—Agent of Life or Death 254
Plant Sterols—Natural Cholesterol Fighters 256
17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 3 Deficiency 257
Chapter 9 Treating Allergies at the Cell Membrane 273
A Prenyl Protein Protease Is a New Chemotherapy Target 278
Selectins,Rolling Leukocytes,and the Inflammatory Response 283
Chapter 10 Cardiac Glycosides：Potent Drugs from Ancient Times 306
Chapter 11 Adenosine：A Nucleoside with Physiological Activity 332
Chapter 12 Telomeres and Tumors 382
Chapter 13 The Human Genome Project 412
The Biochemical Defects in Cystic Fibrosis and ADA—SCID 420
Chapter 15 Hemoglobin and Nitric Oxide 493
Chapter 16 Protease Inhibitors Give Life to AIDS Patients 524
Chapter 17 The Molecular Defect in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Involves an Actin-Anchoring Protein 548
Smooth Muscle Effectors Are Useful Drugs 561
Chapter 18 Thiamine and Beriberi 588
Niacin and Pellagra 590
Vitamin B12 and Pernicious Anemia 599
Ascorbic Acid and Scurvy 600
Vitamin D and Rickets 605
Vitamin K and Blood Clotting 607
Chapter 25 Lovastatin Lowers Serum Cholesterol Levels 840
Chapter 26 Homocysteine and Heart Attacks 879
Chapter 28 Controlling Obesity—Leptin Is a Protein That Stimulates“Fat Burning” 945
Chapter 29 Prions：Proteins as Genetic Agents？ 979
CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 92
Chapter 4 Green Fluorescent Protein—The“Light Fantastic” from Jellyfish to Gene Expression 92
Discovery of Optically Active Molecules and Determination of Absolute Configuration 97
Rules for Description of Chiral Centers in the（R,S）System 99
Chapter 6 In Bed with a Cold,Pauling Stumbles onto the α-Helix and a Nobel Prize 167
Thermodynamics of the Folding Process in Globular Proteins 192
Chapter 13 Combinatorial Libraries 406
Identifying Specific DNA Sequences by Southern Blotting（Southern Hybridization） 410
Chapter 16 Transition-Srate Stabilization in the Serine Proteases 519
The pH Dependence of Aspartic Proteases and HIV-1 Protease 525
Chapter 17 Effectors of Microtubule Polymerization as Therapeutic Agents 538
Molecular“Tweezers”of Light Take the Measure of a Muscle Fiber's Force 554
Chapter 21 Oxidative Phosphorylation—The Clash of Ideas and Energetic Personalities 693
Chapter 22 Experiments with Isolated Chloroplasts Provided the First Direct Evidence for the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis 728
Chapter 23 The Pioneering Studies of Carl and Gerty Cori 750
Chapter 25 The Long Search for the Route to Cholesterol Biosynthesis 838
Chapter 27 Enzyme Inhibition by Fluoro Compounds 924
ADEEPER LOOK 53
Chapter 2 How the Bicarbonate Buffer System Works 53
Entropy,Information,and the Importance of“Negentropy” 60
Chapter 4 The Murchison Meteorite—Discovery of Extraterrestrial Handedness 98
Chapter 5 The Virtually Limitless Number of Different Amino Acid Sequences 116
Estimation of Protein Concentrations in Solutions of Biological Origin 129
Chapter 6 Knowing What the Right Hand and Left Hand Are Doing 164
Charlotte's Web Revisited：Helix-Sheet Composites in Spider Dragline Silk 175
The Coiled Coil Motif in Proteins 188
Part Ⅰ．Molecular Components of Cells 1
1．Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 2
2．Water,pH,and Ionic Equilibria 34
3．Thermodynamics of Biological Systems 56
4．Amino Acids 81
5．Proteins：Their Biological Functions and Primary Structure 107
6．Proteins：Secondary,Tertiary,and Quaternary Structure 158
7．Carbohydrates 209
8．Lipids 238
9．Membranes and Cell Surfaces 259
10．Membrane Transport 296
11．Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 327
12．Structure of Nucleic Acids 356
13．Recombinant DNA：Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes 395
Part Ⅱ．Protein Dynamics 425
14．Enzyme Kinetics 426
15．Enzyme Specificity and Regulation 460
16．Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 500
17．Molecular Motors 533
Part Ⅲ．Metabolism and Its Regulation 565
18．Metabolism：An Overview 566
19．Glycolysis 609
20．The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 639
21．Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 673
22．Photosynthesis 709
23．Gluconeogenesis,Glycogen Metabolism,and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 742
24．Fatty Acid Catabolism 775
25．Lipid Biosynthesis 802
26．Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism 852
27．The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides 899
28．Metabolic Integration and the Unidirectionality of Pathways 927
Part Ⅳ．Information Transfer 949
29．DNA：Genetic Information,Recombination,and Mutation 950
30．DNA Replication and Repair 984
31．Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression 1014
32．The Genetic Code 1069
33．Protein Synthesis and Degradation 1089
Immunoglobulins—All the Features of Protein Structure Brought Together 205
Chapter 7 Trehalose—A Natural Protectant for Bugs 223
Honey—An Ancestral Carbohydrate Treat 224
Billiard Balls,Exploding Teeth,and Dynamite—The Colorful History of Cellulose 234
Chapter 8 Fatty Acids in Fopds：Saturated Versus Unsaturated 241
Polar Bears Use Triacylgylcerols to Survive Long Periods of Fasting 243
Prochirallty 244
Glycerophospholipid Degradation：One of the Effects of Snake Venoms 246
Platelet Activating Factor：A Potent Glyceroether Mediator 247
Moby Dick and Spermaceti：A Valuable Wax from Whale Oil 251
Why Do Plants Emit Isoprene？ 253
Chapter 9 Exterminator Proteins—Biological Pest Control at the Membrane 275
Chapter 10 Melittin—How to Sting Like a Bee 319
Chapter 11 Peptide Nucleic Acids（PNAs）Are Synthetic Mimics of DNA and RNA 347
Chapter 13 The Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Involved in Specific Protein-Protein Interactions 417
Chapter 14 An Example of the Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions on Km and kcat：Wild-Type and Mutant Forms of Human Sulfite Oxidase 441
The Equations of Competitive Inhibition 445
Chapter 15 Protein Kinases：Target Recognition and Intrasteric Control 466
An Alternative Allosteric Model：The Sequential Allosteric Model of Koshland,Nemethy,and Filmer 472
The Physiological Significance of the Hb：O2 Interaction 484
Changes in the Heme Iron upon O2-Binding 487
Chapter 16 What Is the Rate Enhancement of an Enzyme？ 502
Chapter 17 Viscous Solutions Reflect Long-Range Molecular Interactions 551
Chapter 18 Calcium Carbonate—A Biological Sink for CO2 571
A Fad Diet—Low Carbohydrates,High Protein,High Fat 585
Riboflavin and Old Yellow Enzyme 592
Fritz Lipmann and Coenzyme A 594
Vitamin B6 597
Biotin 601
Lipoic Acid 601
Folic Acid,Pterins,and Insect Wings 602
β-Carotene and Vision 604
Vitamin E 606
Chapter 19 The Chemical Evidence for the Schiff Base Intermediate in Class I Aldolases 622
Chapter 20 Reaction Mechanism of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 646
Fool's Gold and the Reductive Citric Acid Cycle—The First Metabolic Pathway？ 664
Chapter 23 Carbohydrate Utilization in Exercise 759
Chapter 24 The Akee Tree 786
The Activation of Vitamin B12 793
Chapter 25 Choosing the Best Organism for the Experiment 810
The Discovery of Prostaglandins 831
The Molecular Basis for the Action of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 834
Chapter 26 The Mechanism of the Aminotransferase（Transamination）Reaction 869
The Urea Cycle as Both an Ammonium and a Bicarbonate Disposal Mechanism 872
Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Herbicides 888
Histidine—A Clue to Understanding Early Evolution？ 890
The Serine Dehydratase Reaction—a β-Elimination 892
Chapter 27 Tetrahydrofolate（THF）and Ohe-Carbon Units 901
ATP Changes the Keq for a Process by a Factor of 108 934
Chapter 29 “Knockout”Mice：A Method To Investigate the Essentiality of a Gene 981
Chapter 30 A Mechanism for All Polymerases 996
Telomeres—A Timely End to Chromosomes？ 1008
Chapter 31 Conventions Employed in Expressing the Sequences of Nucleic Acids and Proteins 1016
DNA Footprinting—Identifying the Nucleotide Sequence in DNA Where a Protein Binds 1018
Quantitative Evaluation of lac Repressor：DNA Interactions 1033
Storage of Long-Term Memory Depends on Gene Expression Activated by CREB-Type Transcription Factors 1056
Chapter 32 Natural Variations in the Standard Genetic Code 1074
Chapter 33 Molecular Mimicry—The Structures of EF-Tu：Aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-G 1104