RACE AND PROGRESS(1931) 3
Composition of American population 3
definition of race 5
family lines composing races 5
intermingling of races 5
effect of environ-ment 7
selective processes 8
functional significance of bodily build 8
variability of physiological functioning 9
variability of mental functioning 10
significance of intelligence tests 11
influence of cul-ture and environment upon intelligence tests 12
changes in emotional reaction of peoples 13
social basis of race antagonism 14
social groups as closed societies 14
effect of stratification of society in social groups based on racial characteristics 16
MODERN POPULATIONS OF AMERICA(1915) 18
European immigrants,Mestizos and Mulattoes 18
mixture in Anglo-Saxon and Latin-American countries 19
characteristics of mixed races 19
physical characteristics of half-blood Indians 20
mental tests of Mulatto children 21
continuity of Indian tradition 21
continuity of African tradition 22
Mendelian inheritance 22
intermingling of European types 23
intra-racial marriages 25
inter-mingling of types in Europe 25
changes of type of descendants of immigrants 26
eugenics 26
REPORT ON AN ANTHROPOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES(1922) 28
Intermingling in Europe 28
intermingling of European types in the United States 30
stability of agricultural communities 30
migrations due to development of urban populations 30
migrations in the United States 31
inbreeding 31
homogeneous and heterogeneous popula-tions 32
meaning of the hereditary stability of a population 33
effect of endogamy 34
Mendelian inheritance 34
influence of environment upon type 35
influence of social habits upon typc 37
influence of selection upon type 38
selective mating 38
selective effects of differ-ential mortality and fertility 39
differential susceptibility to disease 39
adaptability of human organism 40
racial and individual differ-ences 40
overlapping of variable types 40
method of description of types 41
variability of physical and psychological functions 42
sig-nificance of types 43
eugenics 43
nature and nurture 44
local types as phenotypes 45
hereditary anomalies 46
hereditary and congenital traits 47
development of types during period of growth 48
compari-son of European types and their American descendants 49
influence of environment upon growth 50
race mixture 51
development of dentition 52
continued observations during period of growth 53
study of fraternities 54
variability of mixed types 55
interpretation of correlations 56
differentiation between genetic and environmental influences 58
CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS(1910-1913) 60
Changes in head measurements and stature 60
variability of chil-dren of dissimilar parents 63
relation between size of family and stature of children 63
decrease in width of face of children of immi-grants 65
period of maturity 66
darkening of hair with increasing-age 66
changes in type of European urban populations 69
effect of cradling upon head form 69
effect of city life upon bodily form 71
change in head form of Armenians 74
NEW EVIDENCE IN REGARD TO THE INSTABILITY OF HUMAN TYPES(1916) 76
Classification of European types 76
permanence of local types 77
effect of environment upon growth 78
distribution of variability of head form in Italy 78
head forms of Puerto Ricans 80
INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT UPON GROWTH(1913) 82
Comparison between bodily form of parents and children 82
de-gree of similarity dependent upon length of the period in which environment can influence measurements 83
THE TEMPO OF GROWTH OF FRATERNITIES(1935) 86
Rate of growth of siblings is partly genetically determined 89
CONDITIONS CONTROLLING THE TEMPO OF DEVEL-OPMENT AND DECAY(1935) 89
Variability of moments when definite physiological changes in bodily development occur 89
rate of development and decay dependent upon genetic and environmental causes 90
observations on rats 92
tempo of development partly genetically determined 92
relation between period of development and of senescence 93
REMARKS ON THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHILDREN(1912) 94
General characteristics of curve of growth 95
comparison of rate of growth of males and females 96
chronological age and physiological age 97
relation between physiological age and grading in schools 98
influence of environment upon growth 100
development of racial traits 102
GROWTH(1892-1939,revised and condensed) 103
Relation between mental and physical growth 104
asymmetry of growth curve 105
increase of variability during the period of most rapid growth 106
retarded and accelerated growth 106
comparison of growth of short and tall children 108
effect of social environment upon growth 108
tempo of development 112
interrelation between various phases of physiological development 113
difference in growth curves of males and females 114
period of maximum rate of growth 115
relative effect of hereditary stature and tempo of development 120
change of type between 1909 and 1937 121
increase in stature between 1905 and 1930 122
comParison of growth ot general popula-tion and children in private schools 123
influence of institutional life upon growth 125
comparison of growth of various racial groups 127
annual increments in stature of Negro and White girls 128
STATISTICAL STUDY OF ANTHROPOMETRY(1902) 131
Construction of ideal types 131
analysis of population according to descent and environment 132
acceleration and retardation of development 133
effect of mixture of types upon correlations of measurements 134
analysis of the concept of type 135
THE HALF-BLOOD INDIAN(1894) 138
Fertility of half-blood Indian 138
stature of half-blood Indians 140
growth of half-blood children 142
breadth of face of Indians and half-bloods 143
growth of breadth of face of Indians,half-bloods and Whites 145
breadth of nose of Indians and half-bloods 146
length of head of Indians and half-bloods 148
REVIEW OF DR.PAUL EHRENREICH,"ANTHROPOLO-GISCHE STUDIEN UEBER DIE UREINWOHNER BRASILIENS"(1897) 149
Races and types 149
relation of race and language 150
relative importance of morphological description and measurements 150
rela-tion between individual and type 151
sameness of type as a proof of common descent 152
geographical considerations in the comparison of human typcs 152
the position of the American race 154
REVIEW OF WILLIAM Z.RIPLEY,"THE RACES OF EUROPE"(1899) 155
The three principal types of Europe 155
causes of the distribution of types 155
explanation of distribution of types based upon these causes 156
economic attractiveness of habitat regulating distribution of types 156
mixture of types 157
the position of the European race 157
social selection 158
value of cephalic index for classification 158
value of cephalic index and pigmentation for classification of racial types 159
REVIEW OF ROLAND B.DIXON,"THE RACIAL HIS-TORY OF MAN"(1923) 160
Metrical values as a means of classification of racial types 160
stability of cephalic index 161
influence of domestication upon bodily form 161
Mendelian inheritance 161
the variability of metric values and the classification of tribes according to metric values 162
dis-tribution of types determined by a few measurements compared with classification based on other traits 163
race and culture 164
SOME RECENT CRITICISM OF PHYSICAL ANTHRO-POLOGY (1899) 165
pescription of human types largely based on skeletal material 165
variability of types 166
permanence of types within a race 167
com-parison between parents and children 167
the functions of measure-ments in description of types 169
statistical methods 170
homo-geneity and heterogeneity of series expressed in measurements 170
reconstruction of prehistoric types 171
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY(1936) 172
Value of physical anthropology in reconstruction of history of local types 172
relation between taxonomy and genetic relationship 172
impossibility of reconstructing constituent types of a population 173
definition of type 173
the genetic lines constituting a population 173
relation between bodily form and mental characteristics 175
THE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRICAL SERIES(1913) 176
Average and variability as means for differentiating types of popula-tions 176
types defined as variables 177
difference between a con-stant and a variable 177
statistical data purely descriptive,inter-pretation to be based on biological considerations 179
genetic con-stitution of individuals of equal measurements not necessarily the same 180
THE MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VARIABLE QUANTITIES(1922) 181
The problem of defining differences between various types 181
arbitrary character of classifications based on metric characteristics 182
a variable population must be studied as a whole 183
difference between types cannot be defined as arithmetical difference 184
methods of measuring degree of dissimilarity 184
the coefficient of correlation not a measure of similarity 185
dissimilarity of popula-tions conceived as probability of recognizing an individual as belong-ing to his own group 186
analysis of anthropometric series 189
RACE AND CHARACTER(1932) 191
A theoretical discussion proving that two correlated phenomena do not need to be causally related,and showing that the correlations between local types and their cultural traits are no proof of causal relationLANGUAGEINTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS(1917) 199
Historical review 199
methods of recording 200
texts written by natives 201
classification of American languages 202
genetic rela-fionships 202
mutual influences 202
difficulties due to lack of knowl-edge of earlier stages of primitive languages 204
studies of dialects 205
phonetic processes 205
value of American languages to general linguistics 206
categories in American languages 206
word and sentence in American languages 208
literary styles 208
types of literature in American languages 209
native poetry 210
THE CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN LANGUAGES(1920) 211
Genetic classifications 211
morphological similarities of apparently unrelated languages 212
recent expansion of languages 212
geo-graphical distribution of phonetic traits 213
geographical distribution of morphological types 213
geographical distributon of vocabularies 214
relation between vocabulary and morphological character 214
mutual influences of languages in primitive society 215
problem of distribution of similar categories among apparently unrelated lan-guages 215
CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES(1929) 219
In how far may two primitive languages influence each other 219
assimilation of phonetic character of a Sahaptin language by a Salish language 219
change of syntax in American languages under foreign influences 220
vocalic harmony in neighboring unrelated languages 221
distribution of pronominal gender on the North Pacific Coast 221
analogous phonetic changes in neighboring languages 221
char-acteristics of demonstrative pronouns in neighboring languages 223
comparison between Chukchee and Eskimo 224
problem of mixed languages in Africa 225
SOME TRAITS OF THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE(1937) 226
Active and static verbs 226
close association of ideas expressed by contraction 226
misinterpretation of etymologies 227
consonantic sound symbolism 228
demonstrative pronoun in various American languages 229
METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE KWAKIUTL INDIANS(1929) 232
CULTURE 243
THE AIMS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH(1932) 243
Beginnings of anthropology 243
biological,psychological and cul-tural history of mankind 244
biological history of mankind 245
effects of domestication 246
occurrence of parallel development 246
relation between racial type and culture 247
significance of archae-ological finds for interpreting the mental development of man 248
lack of relation between physical type and cultural development 249
interpretation of psychological tests 250
methods of studying the history of culture 250
diffusion of culture 251
independent develop-ment of cultural traits 252
unilinear development of culture 254
dynamics of culture 255
geographical determinism 255
economic determinism 256
laws of cultural development 257
relations be-tween individual and culture 258
SOME PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES(1930) 260
Social laws 260
social life of animals 261
general traits of human society 261
their special forms 262
similar forms due to con-vergent development 263
race and culture 265
geographical en-vironment and culture 265
economic conditions and culture 266
problem of general laws of integration of culture 267
individual and culture 268
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF ANTHROPOLOGY(1896) 270
Psychological unity of mankind 270
influence of geographic environment on culture 272
elementary ideas 272
convergent de-velopment of cultural forms 273
historical development of culture 275
methods of investigating history of culture 276
dissemination of culture 277
THE METHODS OF ETHNOLOGY(1920) 281
Evolutionary and historical methods 281
psychological versus historical explanation of parallel cultural phenomena 282
classifica-tion interpreted as a historical sequence 283
similarity of cultural traits ascribed to historical connections 283
historical analysis of cultures 283
dissemination of culture 284
dynamics of culture 285
stability of cultural traits 286
analysis of similar cultural forms 287
sequence of inventions 287
development of rationalism 288
psycho-analysis 288
EVOLUTION OR DIFFUSION(1924) 290
Classification of cultural forms interpreted as historical sequence 290
methods of diffusion 291
study of survivals 292
development of family organization 292
multiple origin of similar cultural traits 293
REVIEW OF GRAEBNER,"METHODE DER ETHNOLO-GIE"(1911) 295
Critique of sources 295
investigation of purpose,meaning and sig-nificance of unique phenomena 296
relations between tales and rituals 296
convergence 297
limited number of possible forms of certain cultural phenomena 299
varied psychological causes for similar social phenomena 299
incongruities in culture 301
HISTORY AND SCIENCE IN ANTHROPOLOGY:A REPLY(1936) 305
Definition of history 305
structural relations between cultural phenomena 306
relations between America and the Old World 309
the use of statistics in ethnology 309
methods of physical anthro-pology 309
the uniqueness of cultural phenomena 311
THE ETHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESOTERIC DOCTRINES(1902) 312
The inter-relation between esoteric and exoteric doctrines 316
THEORIGIN OF TOTEMISM(1910) 316
Ethnic phenomena and psychological laws 317
apparent sameness of ethnic phenomena 317
totemism 318
definition of totemism 319
supernatural relation of man to nature 319
characterization of kin-ship groups 320
totemism an expression of the combination of these two ideas 320
characterization of social units 320
recognition of kinship groups by kinship terminology 320
cohesion of kinship group dependent upon terminology 321
unilateral descent 321
limitation of number of kinship lines in tribes with unilateral descent 322
THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN RACE(1911) 324
Man's appearance in America 324
variety of types in America 325
languages of America 326
beginnings of agriculture in Central America 327
basketry and pottery 327
ceremonialism 328
ad-vance of culture in Central America and South America 328
relations between Northwestern America and Asia 329
isolation of the extreme south of South America 329
independence of American achievements from Old World achievements 330
ETHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN CANADA(1910) 331
The marginal tribes of America 332
antiquity of the marginal areas 333
the Iroquois tribes 334
Algonquian tribes 335
the Atha-pascan tribes 335
the Salishan tribes 336
the relation between America and Asia 337
totemism of Northwest America 339
theory of totemism 340
cultural areas in Canada 341
special problems of investigation 342
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NORTH-WEST AMERICA AND NORTH-EAST ASIA(1933) 344
Origin of man in the Old World 344
the American race part of the Mongoloid race 345
geological conditions in Bering Sea 345
pos-fibility of migration across the Pacific Ocean 346
attempts to prove relations between America,Melanesia and Australia 346
cultivated plants of America and the Old World 347
antiquity of man in America 348
fundamental differences between America and the Old World 350
circum-polar culture traits 350
circum-polar rituals 352
relations between North and South America 352
languages of Siberia and America 353
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE KWAKIUTL(1920) 356
Definition of tribe 356
divisions of tribe 357
changing composi-tion of tribes 359
ranking positions 360
privileges 360
assignment of individual to tribal division 360
preference for paternal line 362
transfer of privileges 362
marriage ceremonies 365
officers 365
relation of Kwakiutl society to that of neighboring tribes 366
relation to matrilineal descent to northern tribes 367
terminology of relation-ship 368
form of totemism 368
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBES OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST(1924) 370
Exogamy of northern tribes 371
tendency to endogamy among the Bella Bella 373
terminology of relationship of Bella Bella 373
pref-erence for matrilineal descent 373
village communities 374
tend-ency to endogamy of the Bella Coola 375
social organization of the Bella Bella 376
THE GROWTH OF THE SECRET SOCIETIES OF THE KWAKIUTL(1896) 379
Origin of the secret societies among the Kwakiutl 379
relation be-tween membership in secret societies and family descent 380
foreign tales associated with ritual 381
relation of secret societies to war 383
modern changes in ceremony 383
THE RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM OF THE VANDAU(1922) 384
Principles of classification 384
terminology 386
joking relation-ship 392
respect relationship 392
behavior among relatives 392
marriage regulations 394
psychological basis of avunculate 395
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLK-TALES AND MYTHS(1916) 397
Local characteristics of tales 397
characteristics of plots 399
dissemination of complex tales 400
hero myths 401
characterization of animals 401
psychological connection between parts of complex myths 402
supernatural elements in tales 403
relationship between mythology and folk-tales 405
imaginative character of incidents 405
association of tales with phenomena of nature 406
INTRODUCTION TO JAMES TEIT,"THE TRADITIONS OF THE THOMPSON INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA"(1898) 407
Culture heroes 407
development of concept of selfish transformer 412
contests between transformers 416
foreign elements in trans-former myths 417
influence of social organization upon folk-tales 422
interpretation of myths 423
THE GROWTH OF INDIAN MYTHOLOGIES(1895) 425
The Raven Tale 426
geographical distribution of elements of tales 427
relations of North-west Coast mythology to that of the Plains Indians 428
continuity of distribution of similar tales 430
linguistic proof of relationships of myths 431
recent origin of tales of acquisi-tion of crests 432
independent origin of ideas 434
dissemination of ideas 435
DISSEMINATION OF TALES AMONG THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA(1891) 437
Independent origin or dissemination 437
distribution of the tale of the Dog-Children 438
the Deluge legend 439
story of the man who recovered his cye-sight 441
relation of tales from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 442
the Star Husband 442
the obstacle myth 443
REVIEW OF G.W.LOCHER,"THE SERPENT IN KWA-KIUTL RELIGION:A STUDY IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE"(1933) 446
Criticism of the attempt to find a systematic interpretation of my-thology 451
MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-TALES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS(1914) 451
Review of published material 451
translations and originals 452
definitions of myth and folk-tale 454
the mythical period 455
history of tales 456
origin of common traits of mythologies 457
dissemina-tion of tales 458
similarities of Melanesian and American tales 461
tales common to Old and New World 462
modern European tales in America 462
mythological areas 465
characteristic traits·of American folk-tales 467
transformation tales characteristic of Amer-iea 468
creation tales of California 468
explanatory elements in folk-tales 469
systematization of unconnected tales 470
Trickster talcs 472
identification of Trickster and Transformer 474
folk-tales dealing with human society 475
cultural setting 475
mythical con-cepts and myths 476
magical machinery 477
characterization of mdi-viduals 478
literary style 479
folk-tales not based on observations of nature 480
originality of tribes 481
influence of priests in system-atization of mythology 482
mythological concepts in folk-tales 483
personification of nature 484
animal tales 485
novelistic character of tales 485
identification of the heroes of talcs with the moon 486
the nightmare as basis of mythological tales 487
imaginative exag-geration a source of mythological concepts 488
diverse origins of sacred numbers 489
diverse origin of tales of the origin of death 490
STYLISTIC ASPECTS OF PRIMITIVE LITERATURE(1925) 491
Rhythmic repetition 491
rhythmic character of formal prose 492
rhythmic repetition in poetry 494
the proverb 495
ritual 495
the animal tale 495
epic poetry 496
independence of literary form of racial descent 496
reflections of cultural life in literature 498
descriptions of nature 500
metaphor 500
diversity of style in the literature of a single tribe 502
THE FOLK-LORE OF THE ESKIMO(1904) 503
Origin stories 504
anecdotes accounting for origin of animals 506
absence of mythologlcal period 507
complex animal stories borrowed from Indians 508
animals as human beings 510
hero tales 510
conservatism of Eskimo exhibited in folk-lore 511
retention of his-torical facts 512
fabulous tribes 512
tales of quarrels 513
tales of shamans 514
ROMANCE FOLK-LORE AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS(1925) 517
French tales 517
Portuguese and Spanish tales 518
relations between Negro,Spanish and Portuguesc tales 519
relation to Philippine tales 521
integration of tales of romance origin in Indian tales 522
Biblical tales 523
SOME PROBLEMS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOL OGY(1902) 525
Relation between archaeology and ethnological problems 525
ar-chaeology of southern British Columbia as evidence of migrations 528
the distribution of pottery in North-west America 529
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VAL-LEY OF MEXICO BY THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,1911-12(1912) 530
Evidence of sequence of cultures in the valley of Mexico 535
REPRESENTATIVE ART OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE(1916) 535
Relation between virtuosity and geometric design 535
relation be-tween virtuosity and representative art 536
problem of representing three-dimensional objects on a surface 537
methods of presenting human form 538
symbolic representations 538
REVIEW OF MACCURDY,"STUDY OF CHIRIQUIAN ANTIQUITIES"(1911) 541
Classification of forms misinterpreted as historical sequence 541
explanation of decorative motifs as derived from the armadillo 542
decorative motifs derived from alligator 544
THE DECORATIVE ART OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS(1903) 546
Theories of the development of decorative design 546
decorative style of ceremonial objects and articles employed for everyday use 547
origin and interpretation of geometric decoration 553
relation of art of the Plains Indians to that of the Pueblos 558
lack of agreement between style of interpretation and that of form 560
DECORATIVE DESIGNS OF ALASKAN NEEDLECASES:A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF CONVENTIONAL DESIGNS,BASED ON MATERIALS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM(1908) 564
Theories of origin of ornament 564
significance of Alaskan needle-cases for theoretical discussions 565
general characteristics of form in ornamentation 566
characteristic Eskimo motifs 569
their orna-ments in tattooing 570
their distribution in Eastern Asia 570
needle-eases from Eastern Arctic America 571
antiquity of design 573
modifications of geometric designs 576
addition of representative forms 577
transformation of flanges into animal forms 579
further development of animal designs 581
further modifications of form 583
modification of formal elements suggesting animal forms 588
series beginning with simple forms and ending with complex forms do not necessarily represent historical development 589
style only partly dependent upon technique 589
virtuosity and style 591
interpreta-tion of geometric designs 592
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ESKIMO OF EAST GREENLAND(t909) 593
The distribution of forms suggests migration of the Eskimo by way of north Greenland to the east coast of GreenlandTHE IDEA OF THE FUTURE LIFE AMONG PRIMITIVE TRIBES(1922) 596
Evolutionary theories 596
Tylor's theory of multiple souls 597
qualities conceived as concrete objects 598
sin as a concrete object 599
life 599
memory image 600
length of existence of the soul does not coincide with the span of life 601
pre-existence 601
immortality 601
characteristics of the memory image 602
ghosts 603
the abode of the soul 604
conditions of soul after death 605
THE CONCEPT OF SOUL AMONG THE VANDAU(1920) 608
RELIGIOUS TERMINOLPGY OF THE KWAKIUTL(1927) 612
The supernatural 612
the profane 614
supernatural beings 614
ghosts 615
the soul 615
purification 616
taboos 617
MlSCELLANEOUS 621
ADVANCES IN METHODS OF TEACHING(1898) 621
Scope of anthropology 621
anthropology in the university curriculum 622
anthropometry 623
linguistics 623
archaeology 624
relation to sociology 624
relation to other sciences 624
THE AIMS OF ETHNOLOGY(1888) 626
Early descriptions of primitive people 626
history of culture 628
dissemination of culture 628
distribution of human types 629
history and distribution of languages 630
conservatism in culture 632
relation of primitive culture to modern civilization 633
laws of development of culture 634
history of the family 635
knowledge of foreign cultures necessary for understanding of our own culture 636
independent origin of similar cultural traits 636
relation of anthro-pology to other sciences 638
THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY(1887) 639
Geography a descriptive science 639
relation to geology,meteor-ology,biology and ethnology, 640
conflicting views of naturalists and historians treating geographical subjects 641
conflict between interest in generalization and in understanding phenomena as such 641
logical and aesthetic interests involved 643
in geography the center of interest is the geographical phenomenon as a whole 643