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RACE AND PROGRESS(1931) 3

Composition of American population 3

definition of race 5

family lines composing races 5

intermingling of races 5

effect of environ-ment 7

selective processes 8

functional significance of bodily build 8

variability of physiological functioning 9

variability of mental functioning 10

significance of intelligence tests 11

influence of cul-ture and environment upon intelligence tests 12

changes in emotional reaction of peoples 13

social basis of race antagonism 14

social groups as closed societies 14

effect of stratification of society in social groups based on racial characteristics 16

MODERN POPULATIONS OF AMERICA(1915) 18

European immigrants,Mestizos and Mulattoes 18

mixture in Anglo-Saxon and Latin-American countries 19

characteristics of mixed races 19

physical characteristics of half-blood Indians 20

mental tests of Mulatto children 21

continuity of Indian tradition 21

continuity of African tradition 22

Mendelian inheritance 22

intermingling of European types 23

intra-racial marriages 25

inter-mingling of types in Europe 25

changes of type of descendants of immigrants 26

eugenics 26

REPORT ON AN ANTHROPOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES(1922) 28

Intermingling in Europe 28

intermingling of European types in the United States 30

stability of agricultural communities 30

migrations due to development of urban populations 30

migrations in the United States 31

inbreeding 31

homogeneous and heterogeneous popula-tions 32

meaning of the hereditary stability of a population 33

effect of endogamy 34

Mendelian inheritance 34

influence of environment upon type 35

influence of social habits upon typc 37

influence of selection upon type 38

selective mating 38

selective effects of differ-ential mortality and fertility 39

differential susceptibility to disease 39

adaptability of human organism 40

racial and individual differ-ences 40

overlapping of variable types 40

method of description of types 41

variability of physical and psychological functions 42

sig-nificance of types 43

eugenics 43

nature and nurture 44

local types as phenotypes 45

hereditary anomalies 46

hereditary and congenital traits 47

development of types during period of growth 48

compari-son of European types and their American descendants 49

influence of environment upon growth 50

race mixture 51

development of dentition 52

continued observations during period of growth 53

study of fraternities 54

variability of mixed types 55

interpretation of correlations 56

differentiation between genetic and environmental influences 58

CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS(1910-1913) 60

Changes in head measurements and stature 60

variability of chil-dren of dissimilar parents 63

relation between size of family and stature of children 63

decrease in width of face of children of immi-grants 65

period of maturity 66

darkening of hair with increasing-age 66

changes in type of European urban populations 69

effect of cradling upon head form 69

effect of city life upon bodily form 71

change in head form of Armenians 74

NEW EVIDENCE IN REGARD TO THE INSTABILITY OF HUMAN TYPES(1916) 76

Classification of European types 76

permanence of local types 77

effect of environment upon growth 78

distribution of variability of head form in Italy 78

head forms of Puerto Ricans 80

INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT UPON GROWTH(1913) 82

Comparison between bodily form of parents and children 82

de-gree of similarity dependent upon length of the period in which environment can influence measurements 83

THE TEMPO OF GROWTH OF FRATERNITIES(1935) 86

Rate of growth of siblings is partly genetically determined 89

CONDITIONS CONTROLLING THE TEMPO OF DEVEL-OPMENT AND DECAY(1935) 89

Variability of moments when definite physiological changes in bodily development occur 89

rate of development and decay dependent upon genetic and environmental causes 90

observations on rats 92

tempo of development partly genetically determined 92

relation between period of development and of senescence 93

REMARKS ON THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHILDREN(1912) 94

General characteristics of curve of growth 95

comparison of rate of growth of males and females 96

chronological age and physiological age 97

relation between physiological age and grading in schools 98

influence of environment upon growth 100

development of racial traits 102

GROWTH(1892-1939,revised and condensed) 103

Relation between mental and physical growth 104

asymmetry of growth curve 105

increase of variability during the period of most rapid growth 106

retarded and accelerated growth 106

comparison of growth of short and tall children 108

effect of social environment upon growth 108

tempo of development 112

interrelation between various phases of physiological development 113

difference in growth curves of males and females 114

period of maximum rate of growth 115

relative effect of hereditary stature and tempo of development 120

change of type between 1909 and 1937 121

increase in stature between 1905 and 1930 122

comParison of growth ot general popula-tion and children in private schools 123

influence of institutional life upon growth 125

comparison of growth of various racial groups 127

annual increments in stature of Negro and White girls 128

STATISTICAL STUDY OF ANTHROPOMETRY(1902) 131

Construction of ideal types 131

analysis of population according to descent and environment 132

acceleration and retardation of development 133

effect of mixture of types upon correlations of measurements 134

analysis of the concept of type 135

THE HALF-BLOOD INDIAN(1894) 138

Fertility of half-blood Indian 138

stature of half-blood Indians 140

growth of half-blood children 142

breadth of face of Indians and half-bloods 143

growth of breadth of face of Indians,half-bloods and Whites 145

breadth of nose of Indians and half-bloods 146

length of head of Indians and half-bloods 148

REVIEW OF DR.PAUL EHRENREICH,"ANTHROPOLO-GISCHE STUDIEN UEBER DIE UREINWOHNER BRASILIENS"(1897) 149

Races and types 149

relation of race and language 150

relative importance of morphological description and measurements 150

rela-tion between individual and type 151

sameness of type as a proof of common descent 152

geographical considerations in the comparison of human typcs 152

the position of the American race 154

REVIEW OF WILLIAM Z.RIPLEY,"THE RACES OF EUROPE"(1899) 155

The three principal types of Europe 155

causes of the distribution of types 155

explanation of distribution of types based upon these causes 156

economic attractiveness of habitat regulating distribution of types 156

mixture of types 157

the position of the European race 157

social selection 158

value of cephalic index for classification 158

value of cephalic index and pigmentation for classification of racial types 159

REVIEW OF ROLAND B.DIXON,"THE RACIAL HIS-TORY OF MAN"(1923) 160

Metrical values as a means of classification of racial types 160

stability of cephalic index 161

influence of domestication upon bodily form 161

Mendelian inheritance 161

the variability of metric values and the classification of tribes according to metric values 162

dis-tribution of types determined by a few measurements compared with classification based on other traits 163

race and culture 164

SOME RECENT CRITICISM OF PHYSICAL ANTHRO-POLOGY (1899) 165

pescription of human types largely based on skeletal material 165

variability of types 166

permanence of types within a race 167

com-parison between parents and children 167

the functions of measure-ments in description of types 169

statistical methods 170

homo-geneity and heterogeneity of series expressed in measurements 170

reconstruction of prehistoric types 171

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY(1936) 172

Value of physical anthropology in reconstruction of history of local types 172

relation between taxonomy and genetic relationship 172

impossibility of reconstructing constituent types of a population 173

definition of type 173

the genetic lines constituting a population 173

relation between bodily form and mental characteristics 175

THE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRICAL SERIES(1913) 176

Average and variability as means for differentiating types of popula-tions 176

types defined as variables 177

difference between a con-stant and a variable 177

statistical data purely descriptive,inter-pretation to be based on biological considerations 179

genetic con-stitution of individuals of equal measurements not necessarily the same 180

THE MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VARIABLE QUANTITIES(1922) 181

The problem of defining differences between various types 181

arbitrary character of classifications based on metric characteristics 182

a variable population must be studied as a whole 183

difference between types cannot be defined as arithmetical difference 184

methods of measuring degree of dissimilarity 184

the coefficient of correlation not a measure of similarity 185

dissimilarity of popula-tions conceived as probability of recognizing an individual as belong-ing to his own group 186

analysis of anthropometric series 189

RACE AND CHARACTER(1932) 191

A theoretical discussion proving that two correlated phenomena do not need to be causally related,and showing that the correlations between local types and their cultural traits are no proof of causal relationLANGUAGEINTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS(1917) 199

Historical review 199

methods of recording 200

texts written by natives 201

classification of American languages 202

genetic rela-fionships 202

mutual influences 202

difficulties due to lack of knowl-edge of earlier stages of primitive languages 204

studies of dialects 205

phonetic processes 205

value of American languages to general linguistics 206

categories in American languages 206

word and sentence in American languages 208

literary styles 208

types of literature in American languages 209

native poetry 210

THE CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN LANGUAGES(1920) 211

Genetic classifications 211

morphological similarities of apparently unrelated languages 212

recent expansion of languages 212

geo-graphical distribution of phonetic traits 213

geographical distribution of morphological types 213

geographical distributon of vocabularies 214

relation between vocabulary and morphological character 214

mutual influences of languages in primitive society 215

problem of distribution of similar categories among apparently unrelated lan-guages 215

CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES(1929) 219

In how far may two primitive languages influence each other 219

assimilation of phonetic character of a Sahaptin language by a Salish language 219

change of syntax in American languages under foreign influences 220

vocalic harmony in neighboring unrelated languages 221

distribution of pronominal gender on the North Pacific Coast 221

analogous phonetic changes in neighboring languages 221

char-acteristics of demonstrative pronouns in neighboring languages 223

comparison between Chukchee and Eskimo 224

problem of mixed languages in Africa 225

SOME TRAITS OF THE DAKOTA LANGUAGE(1937) 226

Active and static verbs 226

close association of ideas expressed by contraction 226

misinterpretation of etymologies 227

consonantic sound symbolism 228

demonstrative pronoun in various American languages 229

METAPHORICAL EXPRESSION IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE KWAKIUTL INDIANS(1929) 232

CULTURE 243

THE AIMS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH(1932) 243

Beginnings of anthropology 243

biological,psychological and cul-tural history of mankind 244

biological history of mankind 245

effects of domestication 246

occurrence of parallel development 246

relation between racial type and culture 247

significance of archae-ological finds for interpreting the mental development of man 248

lack of relation between physical type and cultural development 249

interpretation of psychological tests 250

methods of studying the history of culture 250

diffusion of culture 251

independent develop-ment of cultural traits 252

unilinear development of culture 254

dynamics of culture 255

geographical determinism 255

economic determinism 256

laws of cultural development 257

relations be-tween individual and culture 258

SOME PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES(1930) 260

Social laws 260

social life of animals 261

general traits of human society 261

their special forms 262

similar forms due to con-vergent development 263

race and culture 265

geographical en-vironment and culture 265

economic conditions and culture 266

problem of general laws of integration of culture 267

individual and culture 268

THE LIMITATIONS OF THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF ANTHROPOLOGY(1896) 270

Psychological unity of mankind 270

influence of geographic environment on culture 272

elementary ideas 272

convergent de-velopment of cultural forms 273

historical development of culture 275

methods of investigating history of culture 276

dissemination of culture 277

THE METHODS OF ETHNOLOGY(1920) 281

Evolutionary and historical methods 281

psychological versus historical explanation of parallel cultural phenomena 282

classifica-tion interpreted as a historical sequence 283

similarity of cultural traits ascribed to historical connections 283

historical analysis of cultures 283

dissemination of culture 284

dynamics of culture 285

stability of cultural traits 286

analysis of similar cultural forms 287

sequence of inventions 287

development of rationalism 288

psycho-analysis 288

EVOLUTION OR DIFFUSION(1924) 290

Classification of cultural forms interpreted as historical sequence 290

methods of diffusion 291

study of survivals 292

development of family organization 292

multiple origin of similar cultural traits 293

REVIEW OF GRAEBNER,"METHODE DER ETHNOLO-GIE"(1911) 295

Critique of sources 295

investigation of purpose,meaning and sig-nificance of unique phenomena 296

relations between tales and rituals 296

convergence 297

limited number of possible forms of certain cultural phenomena 299

varied psychological causes for similar social phenomena 299

incongruities in culture 301

HISTORY AND SCIENCE IN ANTHROPOLOGY:A REPLY(1936) 305

Definition of history 305

structural relations between cultural phenomena 306

relations between America and the Old World 309

the use of statistics in ethnology 309

methods of physical anthro-pology 309

the uniqueness of cultural phenomena 311

THE ETHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESOTERIC DOCTRINES(1902) 312

The inter-relation between esoteric and exoteric doctrines 316

THEORIGIN OF TOTEMISM(1910) 316

Ethnic phenomena and psychological laws 317

apparent sameness of ethnic phenomena 317

totemism 318

definition of totemism 319

supernatural relation of man to nature 319

characterization of kin-ship groups 320

totemism an expression of the combination of these two ideas 320

characterization of social units 320

recognition of kinship groups by kinship terminology 320

cohesion of kinship group dependent upon terminology 321

unilateral descent 321

limitation of number of kinship lines in tribes with unilateral descent 322

THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN RACE(1911) 324

Man's appearance in America 324

variety of types in America 325

languages of America 326

beginnings of agriculture in Central America 327

basketry and pottery 327

ceremonialism 328

ad-vance of culture in Central America and South America 328

relations between Northwestern America and Asia 329

isolation of the extreme south of South America 329

independence of American achievements from Old World achievements 330

ETHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN CANADA(1910) 331

The marginal tribes of America 332

antiquity of the marginal areas 333

the Iroquois tribes 334

Algonquian tribes 335

the Atha-pascan tribes 335

the Salishan tribes 336

the relation between America and Asia 337

totemism of Northwest America 339

theory of totemism 340

cultural areas in Canada 341

special problems of investigation 342

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NORTH-WEST AMERICA AND NORTH-EAST ASIA(1933) 344

Origin of man in the Old World 344

the American race part of the Mongoloid race 345

geological conditions in Bering Sea 345

pos-fibility of migration across the Pacific Ocean 346

attempts to prove relations between America,Melanesia and Australia 346

cultivated plants of America and the Old World 347

antiquity of man in America 348

fundamental differences between America and the Old World 350

circum-polar culture traits 350

circum-polar rituals 352

relations between North and South America 352

languages of Siberia and America 353

THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE KWAKIUTL(1920) 356

Definition of tribe 356

divisions of tribe 357

changing composi-tion of tribes 359

ranking positions 360

privileges 360

assignment of individual to tribal division 360

preference for paternal line 362

transfer of privileges 362

marriage ceremonies 365

officers 365

relation of Kwakiutl society to that of neighboring tribes 366

relation to matrilineal descent to northern tribes 367

terminology of relation-ship 368

form of totemism 368

THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIBES OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST(1924) 370

Exogamy of northern tribes 371

tendency to endogamy among the Bella Bella 373

terminology of relationship of Bella Bella 373

pref-erence for matrilineal descent 373

village communities 374

tend-ency to endogamy of the Bella Coola 375

social organization of the Bella Bella 376

THE GROWTH OF THE SECRET SOCIETIES OF THE KWAKIUTL(1896) 379

Origin of the secret societies among the Kwakiutl 379

relation be-tween membership in secret societies and family descent 380

foreign tales associated with ritual 381

relation of secret societies to war 383

modern changes in ceremony 383

THE RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM OF THE VANDAU(1922) 384

Principles of classification 384

terminology 386

joking relation-ship 392

respect relationship 392

behavior among relatives 392

marriage regulations 394

psychological basis of avunculate 395

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLK-TALES AND MYTHS(1916) 397

Local characteristics of tales 397

characteristics of plots 399

dissemination of complex tales 400

hero myths 401

characterization of animals 401

psychological connection between parts of complex myths 402

supernatural elements in tales 403

relationship between mythology and folk-tales 405

imaginative character of incidents 405

association of tales with phenomena of nature 406

INTRODUCTION TO JAMES TEIT,"THE TRADITIONS OF THE THOMPSON INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA"(1898) 407

Culture heroes 407

development of concept of selfish transformer 412

contests between transformers 416

foreign elements in trans-former myths 417

influence of social organization upon folk-tales 422

interpretation of myths 423

THE GROWTH OF INDIAN MYTHOLOGIES(1895) 425

The Raven Tale 426

geographical distribution of elements of tales 427

relations of North-west Coast mythology to that of the Plains Indians 428

continuity of distribution of similar tales 430

linguistic proof of relationships of myths 431

recent origin of tales of acquisi-tion of crests 432

independent origin of ideas 434

dissemination of ideas 435

DISSEMINATION OF TALES AMONG THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA(1891) 437

Independent origin or dissemination 437

distribution of the tale of the Dog-Children 438

the Deluge legend 439

story of the man who recovered his cye-sight 441

relation of tales from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 442

the Star Husband 442

the obstacle myth 443

REVIEW OF G.W.LOCHER,"THE SERPENT IN KWA-KIUTL RELIGION:A STUDY IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE"(1933) 446

Criticism of the attempt to find a systematic interpretation of my-thology 451

MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-TALES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS(1914) 451

Review of published material 451

translations and originals 452

definitions of myth and folk-tale 454

the mythical period 455

history of tales 456

origin of common traits of mythologies 457

dissemina-tion of tales 458

similarities of Melanesian and American tales 461

tales common to Old and New World 462

modern European tales in America 462

mythological areas 465

characteristic traits·of American folk-tales 467

transformation tales characteristic of Amer-iea 468

creation tales of California 468

explanatory elements in folk-tales 469

systematization of unconnected tales 470

Trickster talcs 472

identification of Trickster and Transformer 474

folk-tales dealing with human society 475

cultural setting 475

mythical con-cepts and myths 476

magical machinery 477

characterization of mdi-viduals 478

literary style 479

folk-tales not based on observations of nature 480

originality of tribes 481

influence of priests in system-atization of mythology 482

mythological concepts in folk-tales 483

personification of nature 484

animal tales 485

novelistic character of tales 485

identification of the heroes of talcs with the moon 486

the nightmare as basis of mythological tales 487

imaginative exag-geration a source of mythological concepts 488

diverse origins of sacred numbers 489

diverse origin of tales of the origin of death 490

STYLISTIC ASPECTS OF PRIMITIVE LITERATURE(1925) 491

Rhythmic repetition 491

rhythmic character of formal prose 492

rhythmic repetition in poetry 494

the proverb 495

ritual 495

the animal tale 495

epic poetry 496

independence of literary form of racial descent 496

reflections of cultural life in literature 498

descriptions of nature 500

metaphor 500

diversity of style in the literature of a single tribe 502

THE FOLK-LORE OF THE ESKIMO(1904) 503

Origin stories 504

anecdotes accounting for origin of animals 506

absence of mythologlcal period 507

complex animal stories borrowed from Indians 508

animals as human beings 510

hero tales 510

conservatism of Eskimo exhibited in folk-lore 511

retention of his-torical facts 512

fabulous tribes 512

tales of quarrels 513

tales of shamans 514

ROMANCE FOLK-LORE AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS(1925) 517

French tales 517

Portuguese and Spanish tales 518

relations between Negro,Spanish and Portuguesc tales 519

relation to Philippine tales 521

integration of tales of romance origin in Indian tales 522

Biblical tales 523

SOME PROBLEMS IN NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOL OGY(1902) 525

Relation between archaeology and ethnological problems 525

ar-chaeology of southern British Columbia as evidence of migrations 528

the distribution of pottery in North-west America 529

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VAL-LEY OF MEXICO BY THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,1911-12(1912) 530

Evidence of sequence of cultures in the valley of Mexico 535

REPRESENTATIVE ART OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE(1916) 535

Relation between virtuosity and geometric design 535

relation be-tween virtuosity and representative art 536

problem of representing three-dimensional objects on a surface 537

methods of presenting human form 538

symbolic representations 538

REVIEW OF MACCURDY,"STUDY OF CHIRIQUIAN ANTIQUITIES"(1911) 541

Classification of forms misinterpreted as historical sequence 541

explanation of decorative motifs as derived from the armadillo 542

decorative motifs derived from alligator 544

THE DECORATIVE ART OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS(1903) 546

Theories of the development of decorative design 546

decorative style of ceremonial objects and articles employed for everyday use 547

origin and interpretation of geometric decoration 553

relation of art of the Plains Indians to that of the Pueblos 558

lack of agreement between style of interpretation and that of form 560

DECORATIVE DESIGNS OF ALASKAN NEEDLECASES:A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF CONVENTIONAL DESIGNS,BASED ON MATERIALS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM(1908) 564

Theories of origin of ornament 564

significance of Alaskan needle-cases for theoretical discussions 565

general characteristics of form in ornamentation 566

characteristic Eskimo motifs 569

their orna-ments in tattooing 570

their distribution in Eastern Asia 570

needle-eases from Eastern Arctic America 571

antiquity of design 573

modifications of geometric designs 576

addition of representative forms 577

transformation of flanges into animal forms 579

further development of animal designs 581

further modifications of form 583

modification of formal elements suggesting animal forms 588

series beginning with simple forms and ending with complex forms do not necessarily represent historical development 589

style only partly dependent upon technique 589

virtuosity and style 591

interpreta-tion of geometric designs 592

THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ESKIMO OF EAST GREENLAND(t909) 593

The distribution of forms suggests migration of the Eskimo by way of north Greenland to the east coast of GreenlandTHE IDEA OF THE FUTURE LIFE AMONG PRIMITIVE TRIBES(1922) 596

Evolutionary theories 596

Tylor's theory of multiple souls 597

qualities conceived as concrete objects 598

sin as a concrete object 599

life 599

memory image 600

length of existence of the soul does not coincide with the span of life 601

pre-existence 601

immortality 601

characteristics of the memory image 602

ghosts 603

the abode of the soul 604

conditions of soul after death 605

THE CONCEPT OF SOUL AMONG THE VANDAU(1920) 608

RELIGIOUS TERMINOLPGY OF THE KWAKIUTL(1927) 612

The supernatural 612

the profane 614

supernatural beings 614

ghosts 615

the soul 615

purification 616

taboos 617

MlSCELLANEOUS 621

ADVANCES IN METHODS OF TEACHING(1898) 621

Scope of anthropology 621

anthropology in the university curriculum 622

anthropometry 623

linguistics 623

archaeology 624

relation to sociology 624

relation to other sciences 624

THE AIMS OF ETHNOLOGY(1888) 626

Early descriptions of primitive people 626

history of culture 628

dissemination of culture 628

distribution of human types 629

history and distribution of languages 630

conservatism in culture 632

relation of primitive culture to modern civilization 633

laws of development of culture 634

history of the family 635

knowledge of foreign cultures necessary for understanding of our own culture 636

independent origin of similar cultural traits 636

relation of anthro-pology to other sciences 638

THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY(1887) 639

Geography a descriptive science 639

relation to geology,meteor-ology,biology and ethnology, 640

conflicting views of naturalists and historians treating geographical subjects 641

conflict between interest in generalization and in understanding phenomena as such 641

logical and aesthetic interests involved 643

in geography the center of interest is the geographical phenomenon as a whole 643