CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Definition and Scope of Physiology 1
Structure and Fundamental Characte-ristics of Living Organism 1
Internal Environment Homeostasis and Biorhythm 5
Regulation of Body Functions 9
Summary 19
Review Questions 19
Thought Questions 20
CHAPTER 2 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CELLS 21
Structure of Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport 21
Signal Transduction of Cell Membrane 30
Membrane Potentials and Action Pote-ntials 34
Contraction of Muscle 45
Summary 62
Review Questions 62
Thought Questions 63
CHAPTER 3 BLOOD 64
Body Fluid and Plasma 64
Physiology of Blood Cells 66
Physiological Hemostasis 72
Blood Types 80
Summary 80
Review Questions 82
Thought Questions 82
CHAPTER 4 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 83
SECTION A Electrical Activity of the Heart 83
Anatomy 83
Cardiac muscle 84
Heartbeat Coordination 86
SECTION B Pump Function of the Heart 93
Mechanical Events of The Cardiac Cycle 93
The Cardiac Output 98
Measurement of Cardiac Function 101
SECTION C The Vascular System 102
Pressure,Flow,and Resistance 103
Arteries 105
Arterioles 108
Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle 113
Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs 114
Capillaries 116
Veins 123
The Lymphatic System 124
SECTION D Integration of Cardiovascu-lar Function:Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure 126
Baroreceptor Reflexes 126
Blood Volume and Long Term Reg-ulation of Arterial Pressure 130
Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Re-sponses 130
SECTION E Circulation through Special Regions 131
Coronary Circulation 131
Pulmonary Circulation 136
Cerebral Circulation 136
Summary 138
Review Questions 141
Thought Questions 142
CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION 143
SECTION A Organization of the Respir-atory System 143
The Airway and its Functions 144
Sites of Gas Exchange 144
Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall 145
SECTION B Pulmonary Ventilation 146
Principle of Pulmonary Ventilation 146
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities 154
Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation 156
SECTION C Gas Exchange 157
Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues 157
Gas Exchange between Tialveoli and Blood 161
Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood 163
Abnormalities of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio 163
SECTION D Gas Transport 163
Transport of Oxygen in the Blood 164
Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 167
Transport of Hydrogen Ions between Tissues and Lungs 167
SECTION E Regulation of Respiration 169
Respiratory Center and Respiratory Rhythm 169
Reflex Control of Breathing 171
Summary 175
Review Questions 176
Thought Questions 176
CHAPTER 6 GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION 177
Introduction 177
Mouth and Esophagus 182
Digestion in Stomach 184
Digestion in Small Intestine 189
Function of Colon 196
Absorption 197
Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 203
Summary 205
Review Questions 206
Thought Questions 206
CHAPTER 7 ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE 208
SECTION A Energy Metabolism 208
Source,Transfer and Storage of Energy 208
Energy Utilization by Cells 211
Energy Supply in Absorptive and Pos-tabsorptive States 214
Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure 221
SECTION B Body Temperature Regu-lation 227
Body Temperature 227
Heat Production and Heat Loss 229
Regulation of the Body Temperature 234
Summary 238
Review Questions 239
Thought Question 239
CHAPTER 8 THE KIDNEYS AND REG-ULATION OF WATER AND INOR-GANIC IONS 240
SECTION A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology 240
Renal Functions 240
Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System 240
Renal Blood Flow and Its Regulation 244
The Urine Formation by The Kidneys 245
Concentrated and Diluted Urine by Kidneys 255
Regulation of Urine Formation by The Kidneys 260
Renal Clearance 263
Micturition 265
SECTION B Regulation of Sodium,Water,and Potassium Balance 266
Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water 266
Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water 266
Renal Sodium Regulation 267
Renal Water Regulation 268
A Summary Example:The Response to Sweating 270
Thirst and Salt Appetite 270
Potassium Regulation 270
SECTION C Calcium Regulation 271
Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis 271
SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation 273
Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss 273
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body 274
Integration of Homeostatic Controls 274
Renal Mechanisms 275
Summary 276
Review Questions 277
Thought Questions 278
CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY 279
SECTION A Sensory Functions of Ner-vous System 279
General Principles 279
SECTION B Specific Sensory System 288
Vision 288
Hearing 299
Vestibular System 303
Somatic Sensation 306
Chemical Senses 311
Summary 312
Review Questions 313
Thought Questions 313
CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM 315
SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons 315
Structure and Maintenance of Neurons 315
Functional Classes of Neurons 316
SECTION B Synapses 318
Functional Anatomy of Synapses 319
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential(EPSP)and Excitation Trans-mission 321
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential(IPSP) 321
Synaptic Integration 322
Synaptic Strength 323
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators 324
SECTION C Control of Body Movement 330
Motor Control Hierarchy 330
Local Control of Motor Neurons 333
The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control 338
Musele Tone 344
Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance 345
SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System 346
SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System 351
States of Consciousness 351
Learning and Memory 357
Cerebral Dominance and Language 359
Motivation and Emotion 361
Conclusion 364
Blood Supply,Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena,and Cerebrospinal Fluid 364
Summary 366
Review Questions 367
Thought Questions 368
CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY 369
SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Con-trol Systems 369
General Introduction 369
Principles of Hormonal Control Systems 372
SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 381
The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus 381
Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Prod-uced by the Hypothalamus 381
Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Cont-rolled by the Hypothalamus 382
Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibi-tory Hormones 383
Disorders of the Hypothalamus 386
Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary 387
Growth Hormone 387
SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone 393
Synthesis and Secretion of The Thy-roid Hormone 394
Carriage of Thyroid Hormones 395
Functions of Thyroid Hormones 396
Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion 398
Summary 399
Review questions 400
Thought questions 400
CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION 401
SECTION A General Terminology and Concepts;Sex Determination and Differentiation 401
General Principles of Gametogenesis 402
Sex Determination 403
Sex Differentiation 404
SECTION B Male Reproductive Physi-ology 406
Anatomy 406
Spermatogenesis 408
Transport of Sperm 409
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduc-tive Functions 410
Puberty 411
SECTION C Female Reproductive Phy-siology 412
Anatomy 412
Ovarian Functions 413
Control of Ovarian Function 417
Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle 422
Androgens in Women 423
Puberty 424
Pregnancy 424
Menopause 433
Precocious Puberty 434
Summary 434
Review Questions 435
Thought Questions 435
Appendix 1 English and Metric Units 437
Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabu-lary 438
Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text 450