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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Definition and Scope of Physiology 1

Structure and Fundamental Characte-ristics of Living Organism 1

Internal Environment Homeostasis and Biorhythm 5

Regulation of Body Functions 9

Summary 19

Review Questions 19

Thought Questions 20

CHAPTER 2 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CELLS 21

Structure of Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport 21

Signal Transduction of Cell Membrane 30

Membrane Potentials and Action Pote-ntials 34

Contraction of Muscle 45

Summary 62

Review Questions 62

Thought Questions 63

CHAPTER 3 BLOOD 64

Body Fluid and Plasma 64

Physiology of Blood Cells 66

Physiological Hemostasis 72

Blood Types 80

Summary 80

Review Questions 82

Thought Questions 82

CHAPTER 4 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 83

SECTION A Electrical Activity of the Heart 83

Anatomy 83

Cardiac muscle 84

Heartbeat Coordination 86

SECTION B Pump Function of the Heart 93

Mechanical Events of The Cardiac Cycle 93

The Cardiac Output 98

Measurement of Cardiac Function 101

SECTION C The Vascular System 102

Pressure,Flow,and Resistance 103

Arteries 105

Arterioles 108

Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle 113

Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs 114

Capillaries 116

Veins 123

The Lymphatic System 124

SECTION D Integration of Cardiovascu-lar Function:Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure 126

Baroreceptor Reflexes 126

Blood Volume and Long Term Reg-ulation of Arterial Pressure 130

Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Re-sponses 130

SECTION E Circulation through Special Regions 131

Coronary Circulation 131

Pulmonary Circulation 136

Cerebral Circulation 136

Summary 138

Review Questions 141

Thought Questions 142

CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION 143

SECTION A Organization of the Respir-atory System 143

The Airway and its Functions 144

Sites of Gas Exchange 144

Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall 145

SECTION B Pulmonary Ventilation 146

Principle of Pulmonary Ventilation 146

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities 154

Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation 156

SECTION C Gas Exchange 157

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues 157

Gas Exchange between Tialveoli and Blood 161

Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood 163

Abnormalities of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio 163

SECTION D Gas Transport 163

Transport of Oxygen in the Blood 164

Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 167

Transport of Hydrogen Ions between Tissues and Lungs 167

SECTION E Regulation of Respiration 169

Respiratory Center and Respiratory Rhythm 169

Reflex Control of Breathing 171

Summary 175

Review Questions 176

Thought Questions 176

CHAPTER 6 GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION 177

Introduction 177

Mouth and Esophagus 182

Digestion in Stomach 184

Digestion in Small Intestine 189

Function of Colon 196

Absorption 197

Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 203

Summary 205

Review Questions 206

Thought Questions 206

CHAPTER 7 ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE 208

SECTION A Energy Metabolism 208

Source,Transfer and Storage of Energy 208

Energy Utilization by Cells 211

Energy Supply in Absorptive and Pos-tabsorptive States 214

Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure 221

SECTION B Body Temperature Regu-lation 227

Body Temperature 227

Heat Production and Heat Loss 229

Regulation of the Body Temperature 234

Summary 238

Review Questions 239

Thought Question 239

CHAPTER 8 THE KIDNEYS AND REG-ULATION OF WATER AND INOR-GANIC IONS 240

SECTION A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology 240

Renal Functions 240

Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System 240

Renal Blood Flow and Its Regulation 244

The Urine Formation by The Kidneys 245

Concentrated and Diluted Urine by Kidneys 255

Regulation of Urine Formation by The Kidneys 260

Renal Clearance 263

Micturition 265

SECTION B Regulation of Sodium,Water,and Potassium Balance 266

Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water 266

Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water 266

Renal Sodium Regulation 267

Renal Water Regulation 268

A Summary Example:The Response to Sweating 270

Thirst and Salt Appetite 270

Potassium Regulation 270

SECTION C Calcium Regulation 271

Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis 271

SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation 273

Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss 273

Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body 274

Integration of Homeostatic Controls 274

Renal Mechanisms 275

Summary 276

Review Questions 277

Thought Questions 278

CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY 279

SECTION A Sensory Functions of Ner-vous System 279

General Principles 279

SECTION B Specific Sensory System 288

Vision 288

Hearing 299

Vestibular System 303

Somatic Sensation 306

Chemical Senses 311

Summary 312

Review Questions 313

Thought Questions 313

CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM 315

SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons 315

Structure and Maintenance of Neurons 315

Functional Classes of Neurons 316

SECTION B Synapses 318

Functional Anatomy of Synapses 319

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential(EPSP)and Excitation Trans-mission 321

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential(IPSP) 321

Synaptic Integration 322

Synaptic Strength 323

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators 324

SECTION C Control of Body Movement 330

Motor Control Hierarchy 330

Local Control of Motor Neurons 333

The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control 338

Musele Tone 344

Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance 345

SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System 346

SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System 351

States of Consciousness 351

Learning and Memory 357

Cerebral Dominance and Language 359

Motivation and Emotion 361

Conclusion 364

Blood Supply,Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena,and Cerebrospinal Fluid 364

Summary 366

Review Questions 367

Thought Questions 368

CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY 369

SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Con-trol Systems 369

General Introduction 369

Principles of Hormonal Control Systems 372

SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 381

The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus 381

Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Prod-uced by the Hypothalamus 381

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Cont-rolled by the Hypothalamus 382

Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibi-tory Hormones 383

Disorders of the Hypothalamus 386

Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary 387

Growth Hormone 387

SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone 393

Synthesis and Secretion of The Thy-roid Hormone 394

Carriage of Thyroid Hormones 395

Functions of Thyroid Hormones 396

Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion 398

Summary 399

Review questions 400

Thought questions 400

CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION 401

SECTION A General Terminology and Concepts;Sex Determination and Differentiation 401

General Principles of Gametogenesis 402

Sex Determination 403

Sex Differentiation 404

SECTION B Male Reproductive Physi-ology 406

Anatomy 406

Spermatogenesis 408

Transport of Sperm 409

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduc-tive Functions 410

Puberty 411

SECTION C Female Reproductive Phy-siology 412

Anatomy 412

Ovarian Functions 413

Control of Ovarian Function 417

Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle 422

Androgens in Women 423

Puberty 424

Pregnancy 424

Menopause 433

Precocious Puberty 434

Summary 434

Review Questions 435

Thought Questions 435

Appendix 1 English and Metric Units 437

Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabu-lary 438

Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text 450