INTRODUCTION THE IDEA OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 2
CHAPTER 1 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 4
INTRODUCTION 4
BEFORE CIVILIZATION 5
The Dominance of Culture 5
Social Organization,Agriculture,and Religion 6
MESOPOTAMIA 6
The Ramparts of Uruk 7
Tools：Technology and Writing 7
Gods and Mortals in Mesopotamia 7
Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire 8
THE GIFT OF THE NILE 10
Tending the Cattle of God 10
Democratization of the Afterlife 11
BETWEEN TWO WORLDS 11
The Hebrew Alternative 12
A King Like All the Nations 12
Exile 13
NINEVEH AND BABYLON 14
The Assyrian Empire 14
The New Babylonian Empire 14
CONCLUSION 14
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 15
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 15
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 15
CHAPTER 2 GREEK PERIOD 16
INTRODUCTION 16
GREECE IN THE BRONZE AGE TO 700 B.C.E. 18
Islands of Peace 18
Mainland of War 19
The Dark Age 19
ARCHAIC GREECE,700-500 B.C.E. 20
Ethnos and Polis 20
Technology of Writing 21
Gods and Mortals 21
Myth and Reason 21
Art and the Individual 22
Democratic Athens 23
CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE,500-100 B.C.E. 23
ALEXANDER AT ISSUS 23
ATHENIAN CULTURE IN THE HELLENIC AGE 24
The Examined Life 24
Understanding the Past 25
Athenian Drama 26
Philosophy and the Polis 26
The Rise of Macedon 27
The Empire of Alexander the Great 28
Binding Together an Empire 28
THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 29
Urban Life and Culture 29
Alexandria 30
Architecture and Art 30
Hellenistic Philosophy 30
Mathematics and Science 31
CONCLUSION 32
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 32
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 32
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 32
CHAPTER 3 THE ROMAN PERIOD 34
INTRODUCTION 34
THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO 509 B.C.E. 35
Carthage：The Merchants of Baal 35
Italy's First Civilization 35
FROM CITY TO EMPIRE,509-146 B.C.E. 37
Latin Rome 37
Etruscan Rome 37
Rome and Italy 37
REPUBLICAN CIVILIZATION 38
Farmers and Soldiers 38
Roman Religion 38
Republican Letters 38
THE CRISIS OF ROMAN VIRTUE 39
IMPERIAL ROME,146 B.C.E.-192 C.E. 39
THE ALTAR OF AUGUSTAN PEACE 39
THE PRICE OF EMPIRE,146-121 B.C.E. 40
Winners and Losers 40
THE END OF THE REPUBLIC 41
THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND THE PAX ROMANA 43
RELIGIONS FROM THE EAST 45
The Origins of Christianity 46
CONCLUSION 48
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 48
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 48
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 48
CHAPTER 4 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CLASSICAL WORLD,192-500 50
INTRODUCTION 50
THE CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY 51
Enrich the Army and Scorn the Rest 52
An Empire on the Defensive 53
The Barbarian Menace 53
THE EMPIRE RESTORED 54
Diocletian,the God-Emperor 54
Constantine,the Emperor of God 55
The Triumph of Christianity 56
IMPERLAL CHRISTIANITY 56
Divinity,Humanity,and Salvation 57
The Call of the Desert 58
Monastic Communities 59
The Barbarization of the West 60
The New Barbarian Kingdoms 61
The Hellenization of the East 62
CONCLUSION 62
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 63
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 63
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 63
CHAPTER 5 THE CLASSICAL LEGACY IN THE EAST：BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM 64
INTRODUCTION 64
THE BYZANTINES 65
Justinian and the Creation of the Byzantine State 65
THE RISE OF ISLAM 67
Arabia Before the Prophet 67
The Triumph of Islam 67
The Spread of Islam 68
Authority and Government in Islam 68
Islamic Civilization 69
THE BYZANTINE APOGEE AND DECLINE,1000-1453 69
The Disintegration of the Empire 70
The Conquests of Constantinople and Baghdad 70
CONCLUSION 71
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 71
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 72
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 72
CHAPTER 6 THE WEST IN THE MIDDLE AGES 74
INTRODUCTION 74
THE MAKING OF THE BARBARIAN KINGDOMS,500-750 75
Italy：From Ostrogoths to Lombards 76
Visigothic Spain：Intolerance and Destruction 76
The Anglo-Saxons：From Pagan Conquerors to Christian Missionaries 76
The Franks：An Enduring Legacy 78
Creating the European Aristocracy 78
THE CAROLINGIAN ACHIEVEMENT 79
The Carolingian Renaissance 80
AFTER THE CAROLINGIANS：FROM EMPIRE TO LORDSHIPS 80
Disintegration of the Empire 81
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 81
The Church：Saints and Monks 82
Crusaders：Soldiers of God 83
The Idea of the Crusade 83
Scholasticism and Urban Intellectual Life 83
THE INVENTION OF THE STATE 86
The Universal States：Empire and Papacy 86
The Nation-States：France and England 88
THE SPIRIT OF THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 90
The Crisis of the Papacy 91
Discerning the Spirit of God 92
Heresy and Revolt 93
Religious Persecution in Spain 93
Vernacular Literature and the Individual 94
CONCLUSION 95
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 96
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 96
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 96
CHAPTER 7 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 98
INTRODUCTION 98
RENAISSANCE SOCIETY 99
Cities and Countryside 100
Production and Consumption 100
RENAISSANCE ART 101
An Architect,a Sculptor,and a Painter 102
Renaissance Style 102
Michelangelo 103
RENAISSANCE IDEALS 104
Humanists and the Liberal Arts 105
Renaissance Science 106
Machiavelli and Politics 106
THE POLITICS OF THE ITALIAN CITY-STATES 107
Venice：A Seaborne Empire 107
Florence：Spinning Cloth into Gold 108
The End of Italian Hegemony,1450-1527 110
CONCLUSION 111
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 111
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 111
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 111
CHAPTER 8 THE REFORM OF RELIGION 112
INTRODUCTION 112
THE INTELLECTUAL REFORMATION 114
The Print Revolution 114
Christian Humanism 115
The Humanist Movement 115
The Wit of Erasmus 116
THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION 117
The Spark of Reform 117
The Sale of Indulgences 117
Martin Luther Challenges the Church 118
Martin Luther's Faith 118
From Luther to Lutheranism 119
The Spread of Lutheranism 121
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 121
Geneva and Calvin 122
The English Reformation 123
The Reformation of the Radicals 125
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION 126
The Spiritual Revival 126
Loyola's Pilgrimage 127
The Counter-Reformation 128
The Empire Reacts 129
CONCLUSION 130
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 130
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 130
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 131
CHAPTER 9 THE PERIOD OF MODERN EUROPE 132
INTRODUCTION 132
ECONOMIC LIFE 133
Rural Life 133
Town Life 135
Economic Change 136
SOCIAL LIFE 137
Social Constructs 137
Social Structure 138
Social Change 139
THE ROYAL STATE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 141
THE RISE OF THE ROYAL STATE 141
Divine Kings 142
THE CRISES OF THE ROYAL STATE 144
The English Civil War 144
The English Revolutions 146
THE ZENITH OF THE ROYAL STATE 147
The Nature of Absolute Monarchy 148
SCIENCE AND COMMERCE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE 149
The New Science 149
Heavenly Revolutions 149
Science Enthroned 152
The Marketplace of the World 153
The Colonial Wars 154
CONCLUSION 154
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 155
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 155
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 155
CHAPTER 10 THE ENLIGHTENMENT,FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEONIC ERA 156
INTRODUCTION 156
THE ENLIGHTENMENT 157
The Spirit of the Enlightenment 157
The Impact of the Enlightenment 160
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SOCIETY 161
The Bourgeoisie 161
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY 163
Declaring Political Rights 163
The Trials of Constitutional Monarchy 164
EXPERIMENTING WITH DEMOCRACY,1792-1799 165
The Revolution of the People 165
The End of the Revolution 165
THE REIGN OF NAPOLEON,1799-1815 166
Bonaparte Seizes Power 166
Decline and Fall 167
CONCLUSION 168
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 169
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 169
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 169
CHAPTER 11 EUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 170
INTRODUCTION 170
THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY 171
The Agricultural Revolution 171
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN 172
Britain First 173
Cotton Is King 174
The Wages of Progress 174
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE CONTINENT 176
THE BIRTH OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE 177
BUILDING NATIONS：THE POLITICS OF UNIFICATION 177
The Crimean War 177
The United States：Civil War and Reunification 179
Nationalism and Force 179
REFORMING EUROPEAN SOCIETY 179
The Second Empire in France,1852-1870 179
The Victorian Compromise 180
CHANGING VALUES AND THE FORCE OF NEW IDEAS 180
Realism in the Arts 180
Charles Darwin and the New Science 181
Karl Marx and the Science of Society 182
CONCLUSION 182
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 183
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 183
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 183
CHAPTER 12 EUROPEAND THE WORLD,1870-1914 184
INTRODUCTION 184
EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND THE POLITICS OF MASS SOCIETY 185
Regulating Boom and Bust 185
Challenging Liberal England 186
OUTSIDERS IN MASS POLITICS 187
The Jewish Question and Zionism 188
THE WEST AND THE WIDER WORLD 188
African Art and European Artists 188
Art and the New Age 189
THE POLITICS OF MAPMAKING 190
THE EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER,1870-1914 191
Upsetting the European Balance of Power 191
THE NEW IMPERIALISM 193
Motives for Empire 193
THE SEARCH FOR TERRITORY AND MARKETS 195
The Scramble for Africa：Diplomacy and Conflict 195
Imperialism in Asia 198
The Imperialism of the United States 200
RESULTS OF AEUROPEAN-DOMINATED WORLD 200
A World Economy 200
Race and Culture 201
CONCLUSION 201
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 202
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 202
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 202
CHAPTER 13 WARAND REVOLUTION,1914-1920 204
INTRODUCTION 204
THE WAR EUROPE EXPECTED 205
Separating Friends from Foes 206
A NEW KIND OF WARFARE 206
Technology and the Trenches 207
The German Offensive 207
War on the Eastern Front 208
War on the Western Front 209
War on the Periphery 210
ADJUSTING TO THE UNEXPECTED：TOTAL WAR 210
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND ALLIED VICTORY 210
Revolution in Russia 211
SETTLING THE PEACE 213
Wilson's Fourteen Points 214
Treaties and Territories 214
CONCLUSION 216
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 216
DI SCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 216
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 217
CHAPTER 14 THE SECOND WORLD WAR 218
INTRODUCTION 218
EURROPE AFTER 1918 219
CRISIS AND COLLAPSE IN A WORLD ECONOMY 220
International Loans and Trade Barriers 220
The Great Depression 221
Stalin's Rise to Power 222
THE RISE OF FASCIST DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY 222
Mussolini's Italy 222
Mussolini's Plans for Empire 223
HITLER AND THE THIRD REICH 223
Hitler's Rise to Power 224
Propaganda,Racism,and Culture 226
DEMOCRACIES IN CRISIS 226
AGGRESSION AND CONQUEST 226
Hitler's Foreign Policy and Appeasement 227
The Destruction of Europe's Jews 229
ALLIED VICTORY 230
The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War 230
The United States Enters the War 231
Winning the War in Europe 231
Winning the War in the Pacific 232
CONCLUSION 233
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 233
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 233
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 233
CHAPTER 15 THE COLD WAR AND POST-COLD WARPERIOD,1945 TO THE PRESENT 234
INTRODUCTION 234
THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 235
The World in Two Blocs 236
Decolonization and the Cold War 237
THE WELFARE STATE AND SOCIAL TRANSFOR-MATION 238
THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW EUROPE 238
THE WEST IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY 239
European Union and the American Superpower 239
Terrorism：The“New Kind of War” 241
CONCLUSION 244
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 245
DISCOVERING WESTERN CIVILIZATION ONLINE 246
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 246
GLOSSARY 247