Part Ⅰ Views，commitments，foundations and assumptions 1
Chapter 1 Views and commitments 2
1.1 Three views 2
1.1.1 Experiential view 2
1.1.2 Prominent view 3
1.1.3 Attentional view 4
1.2 Two commitments 5
Chapter 2 Foundations and assumptions 6
2.1 Foundations 6
2.1.1 Sensation and perception 6
2.1.2 Types of experience 6
2.1.3 Cognition and cognitive economy 7
2.2 Assumptions of language 9
PartⅡ Concept and category 11
Chapter 3 Conceptualisation，concept and conceptual structure 13
3.1 Conceptualisation and concept 13
3.1.1 Conceptualisation 13
3.1.2 Concept 16
3.2 Conceptual structure 17
3.2.1 Definition 18
3.2.2 What does conceptual structure look like? 18
3.2.3 Conceptual structure and semantic structure 19
Chapter 4 Categorization and prototype category 22
4.1 Categorization 22
4.1.1 Definitions 22
4.1.2 Principles，rules and operation of categorization 24
4.1.3 Functions 27
4.1.4 Two dimensions 27
4.2 Prototype category 28
4.2.1 Family resemblance 28
4.2.2 Definitions of prototype category 29
4.2.3 Fuzziness of prototype category 30
4.2.4 Classification of prototype categories 31
4.2.5 Graded prototype categories and typicality effects 32
4.2.6 Attribute structure of prototype category 32
4.2.7 Prototype 33
4.2.8 Basic-level category 38
4.2.9 Problems with prototype category theory 41
4.3 Concept and category 42
Part Ⅲ Theories of conceptual knowledge structures 44
Chapter 5 Image schema 46
5.1 Image and schema 46
5.2 Image schema 46
5.2.1 Definitions of image schema 47
5.2.2 Classification of image schema 48
5.2.3 Properties of the basic/pre-conceptual image schema 48
5.2.4 An inventory of image schemas 49
5.2.5 Illustrations of some image schemas 51
5.3 Limitations 56
Chapter 6 Cognitive model and cultural model 57
6.1 Culture 57
6.1.1 Definitions from the cognitive perspective 57
6.1.2 Classifications 58
6.1.3 Attributes and characteristics 59
6.2 Cognitive model and idealized cognitive model 61
6.2.1 Definitions and characteristics of cognitive model 61
6.2.2 Definitions and principles of idealized cognitive model 62
6.3 Cultural model 63
6.3.1 Definition 63
6.3.2 Two types 63
6.4 Connection and distinction of cultural model and cognitive model 64
6.5 Major influences of culture on cognition 64
Chapter 7 Conceptual frame and domain 66
7.1 Conceptual frame 66
7.1.1 Definitions 66
7.1.2 Two basic components 69
7.1.3 Event frame 70
7.1.4 Speech event frame 72
7.2 Conceptual domain 73
7.2.1 Definitions 73
7.2.2 Classification 74
7.2.3 Connection and distinction between image schema and basic domain 75
7.2.4 Two more characteristics of domain 78
7.2.5 Profile and base organization 79
7.2.6 Active zones 80
7.3 Connection and distinction of Fillmore's theory of frame semantics and Langacker's theory of domain 81
Chapter 8 Encyclopedic knowledge network and linguistic unit concept frame 84
8.1 Encyclopedic knowledge network 84
8.1.1 Basis of encyclopedic semantics 84
8.1.2 Definition of encyclopedic knowledge network 84
8.1.3 Types of encyclopedic knowledge 85
8.1.4 Four continua 87
8.1.5 Conventionality versus non-conventionality 87
8.1.6 Centrality of the types of encyclopedic knowledge to the meaning 88
8.1.7 Distinction between encyclopedic meaning and contextual meaning 88
8.2 Linguistic unit concept frame 90
8.2.1 Conceptual segmentation 90
8.2.2 Lexical concept and linguistic unit concept 90
8.2.3 Definition of linguistic unit concept frame 91
8.2.4 Its application and application fields 91
8.2.5 Profiling and hiding:the important way to conceptualisation 100
8.3 Similarities and differences 101
8.3.1 Similarities 101
8.3.2 Differences 102
Chapter 9 Mental space 104
9.1 Definitions 104
9.2 Complex relationship between language and cognition 106
9.3 Meaning construction 109
9.3.1 General introduction 109
9.3.2 The architecture of the process of meaning construction 110
9.3.3 Dynamic nature of meaning construction 114
Chapter 10 Contextual frame 116
10.1 Definitions of contextual frame 116
10.2 Contextual monitoring 116
10.3 Frame switch:movement to flashback 118
10.4 Priming and binding 121
10.5 Conclusions 123
Part Ⅳ Theories of cognitive operation 125
Chapter 11 Conceptual metaphor 127
11.1 Resemblance metaphor 127
11.1.1 Schematic form 127
11.1.2 Basis 127
11.1.3 Definition 128
11.1.4 Two types of resemblance metaphor 128
11.2 Conceptual metaphor 129
11.2.1 Focus and significance 129
11.2.2 Definitions 132
11.2.3 Most common target and source domains and their characteristics 134
11.2.4 Metaphorical entailments 136
11.2.5 Conceptual metaphor system 136
11.2.6 Conceptual metaphor and pre-conceptual image schema 139
11.2.7 Properties and characteristics 142
11.2.8 Major problem 144
Chapter 12 Conceptual metonymy 146
12.1 Definitions 146
12.1.1 By Lakoff ＆ Johnson(1980) 146
12.1.2 By Langacker(1993) 146
12.1.3 By K？vecses ＆ Radden(1998) 146
12.1.4 By Croft(1993) 147
12.1.5 By Croft ＆ Cruse(2004:48) 147
12.1.6 By Evans ＆ Green(2006:314) 147
12.1.7 By Panther(2006) 148
12.1.8 Conclusion 148
12.2 Classification 148
12.2.1 Part-whole/whole-part relationship 149
12.2.2 Part-part relationships 151
12.2.3 Simple and complex metonymy 156
12.3 Attributes and characteristics 157
12.3.1 Attributes 157
12.3.2 Characteristics 158
12.4 Cognitive principles for selection of a vehicle/source 159
12.5 Differences between conceptual metaphor and metonymy 160
12.5.1 Metonymy represented by the formula"B for A" 160
12.5.2 Metonymy functioning as a reference differently from metaphor 161
12.5.3 Metonymy motivated by physical or causal associations 161
12.5.4 Metonymy:not a cross-domain mapping 161
Chapter 13 Conceptual blending 163
13.1 Objective of conceptual blending theory 163
13.2 Network of conceptual blending 165
13.2.1 Illustration of the basic network of conceptual blending 165
13.2.2 Difference between mental space and conceptual domain 167
13.2.3 Composition of integration network 168
13.2.4 Kinds of integration network 169
13.2.5 Application to the meaning construct ion of grammatical category 173
13.3 Constitutive processes and consequences 175
13.4 Goals of conceptual blending achieved by compressing 176
13.4.1 Vital relations 177
13.4.2 Types of vital relations and their compressions 178
13.4.3 Disintegration and decompression 183
13.5 Multiple blending 184
13.6 Constraints on the theory 185
13.6.1 Governing principles 186
13.6.2 Brief discussion of two principles 188
13.7 Identification of conceptual blending and conceptual metaphor and complementation of the two theories 188
13.7.1 Identification 189
13.7.2 Complementation 189
Part Ⅴ Cognitive approaches to form and meaning 191
Chapter 14 Talmy's approach to grammar 195
14.1 Grammatical meaning is schematic 196
14.2 Primary basic domains and conceptual alternativity 198
14.2.1 SPACE and TIME domains 198
14.2.2 Conceptual alternativity 199
14.3 Conceptual structuring system 200
14.3.1 Configurational structure system 201
14.3.2 Attentional system 207
14.3.3 Perspectival system 209
14.3.4 Force-dynamics system 211
Chapter 15 Langacker's approach to grammar 213
15.1 Conceptual basis of word classes 213
15.1.1 Nominal predication 214
15.1.2 Relational predication 215
15.2 Attention 216
15.2.1 Selection:profiling 218
15.2.2 Perspective:trajector landmark organisation and deixis 221
15.2.3 Abstraction:profiling 225
15.3 Force-dynamics 225
15.4 Categorization and polysemy in grammar:the network conception 226
Chapter 16 Construction grammar 229
16.1 Construction 229
16.1.1 Definitions 229
16.1.2 Properties 230
16.1.3 Similarities and differences between the definitions of Langacker and Goldberg 230
16.2 Constructional approaches to grammar developed within cognitive linguistics 231
16.2.1 Construction grammar by Goldberg 231
16.2.2 Croft's approach 249
16.2.3 Embodied construction grammar by Bergen ＆ Chang 250
16.3 Comparison among const ructional approaches to grammar 251
Chapter 17 Grammaticalization 254
17.1 General introduction 254
17.1.1 Definition 254
17.1.2 Nature 254
17.1.3 Renewal process 255
17.1.4 Patterns 258
17.2 Three cognitive theories of grammaticalization 258
17.2.1 Metaphorical extension approach 258
17.2.2 Invited inferencing theory 263
17.2.3 Langacker's subjectification approach 267
17.3 Comparison among the approaches:taking be going to as an example 269
Appendix 1 Reference answers to the pre-reading questions 271
Appendix 2 Reference answers to the in-reading questions 284
Appendix 3 References for post-reading questions/research practices 308
References 321