Chapter 1 History of crown and fixed partial prosthodontics （bridge） 1
Early history 1
The nineteenth century 4
The twentieth century 5
Early developments 5
Further developments 10
Definitions related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 10
Chapter 2 Factors relating to examination of patient requiring crowns and fixed partial prostheses 13
General examination 14
Indications 14
Oral examination 18
Necessity for roentgenographs 18
Recording data 19
Pulp tests 19
Former oral health service 20
Fillings 20
Crowns 21
Fixed partial dentures 21
Removable partial denture 22
Complete denture 22
Orthodontic treatment 22
Surgery 23
Ora abnormalities 23
Upper anterior restorations 25
Biologic aspects of foundation 25
Tooth form and function 28
Root anatomy 30
Forces and stresses 30
Concepts of occlusion 31
General considerations of patient 32
Type of patient 32
Dental analysis 33
Number and location of teeth 33
Form，position，size of teeth 34
Analysis of occlusion 34
Dental abnormalities 34
Extraction 35
The pulp 36
Treated teeth 36
Dental fractures and tissue dyscrasias 36
Caries 37
Fractures of teeth：resorption and repair 38
Internal and external resorption 41
Erosion 42
Enamel hypoplasia 42
Abrasion and attrition 43
Opalescent dentin or dentinogenesis imperfecta 43
Porphyria erythropoietica 44
Chapter 3 Types of restorations utilized in crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 52
Immediate fixed partial denture service 53
Prerequisites 54
Types of crowns 56
Types and components of fixed partial dentures：anterior and posterior 59
Pulpless teeth 68
Orthodontic procedures：rotated and tilted teeth 69
Arrowhead bite plane 69
Surgical treatment 72
Cleft palate 73
Oral disorders 73
Materials used 74
Use of dissimilar metals 74
Preventive measures 75
Chapter 4 Histologic structure of teeth and sup-porting tissues in relation to crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 78
Calcified dental tissues 78
The enamel 78
The dentin 82
The cementum 85The alveolar process 86
Noncalcified dental tissue 87
The pulp 87
The periodontal membrane （ligament） 90
The gums and gingivae 92
Chapter 5 Anatomy of the stomatognathic system related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy 97
Chapter 6 The maxillae—mandible and related factors 106
The maxillae：ridge and arch form 106
Alveolar process 107
Changes following extraction 108
The palates 109
The mandible 109
Ridge and arch form 110
Mylohyoid ridge 110
Mental foramen 111
Other oral factors：mucous membrane 111
The tongue 111
Glands of the mouth 112
Masticatory force 112
Facial factors 113
Form and color harmony 113
Facial form 113
Profile form 115
Color harmony 115
Lips 115
Facial landmarks 116
Chapter 7 Stomatognathic physiology related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy 118
Slide from retruded contact to maximum inter-cuspation 119
Interocclusal distance and movement from rest position to maximum intercuspation 121
Centric relation closure arc and terminal hinge position 122
Types of occlusal function 123
Proprioception in the stomatognathic system 126
Summary 128
Chapter 8 The elderly person who requires crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 132
A new era of old people 132
Less endentulous oldsters 133
Old individuals are individual 133
Application in crown and fixed partial prostho-dontics 134
The interview 137
Biologic concepts in technical procedures 138
The oral examination 138
Interproximal abrasion 142
Rampant dental caries in advanced age 143
Endodontics 145
Periodontics and perioprosthodontics 146
The mobile tooth 146
The space to be spanned 147
Design of preparations 147
Cantilever pontics 148
Cementation 148
A silent tongue can speak 148
Chapter 9 Distribution of abutments，crowns，and fixed partial dentures relative to patient’s sex and age 152
Loss of one tooth 152
Loss of several teeth 153
Crowns and fixed partial dentures 154
Chapter 10 Movements of abutment teeth related to the fixed partial denture 160
Buccolingual movement 160
Distomesial rotation 162
Movement of the bridge as a whole 164
Loose abutments 178
Use of pier （intermediate abutment） 179
Chapter 11 Biologic interpretation of physical and mechanical principles 181
Types of forces 181
Centers of rotation in teeth 182
Forces of mastication 184
Effects on biting force 184
Biting force in partially edentulous mouths 185
Causes of abnormal forces 188
Anterior component of force 190
Intra-alveolar movement of teeth 191
Shape of roots 191
Chapter 12 Stomatognathic pathologic physiol-ogy related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy 195
Chapter 13 Mechanical principles in preparing teeth for intracoronal，extracoronal，and complete crown retainers 200
Ideal abutment 200
Questionable abutments 201
Root length of abutment 202
Classification of retainers 202
The ideal retainer 203
Selection of type 203
Principles of intracoronal preparation 204
Class Ⅰ，types 1 and 2 204
Black’s principles of cavity preparation 205
Modifications of retention and resistance form 209
The inlay and its cavity （forces，stresses，and retention） 215
Principles of extracoronal preparations 225
Anterior partial veneer retainer； class Ⅰ，type 3 225
Posterior partial veneer retainer； class Ⅰ，type 4 225
Complete cast gold retainers； class Ⅱ，type 1 228
Role of enamel in preparation of retainers 229
Cutting the enamel wall 229
Structural requirements for enamel walls 232
Chapter 14 Methods of cutting teeth and prefer-ential use of instruments 236
Heat generation 242
Coolants 243
Vibration 244
Size of cutting instrument and cutting speeds 247
The biologic responses of the pulp to high-speed cutting 247
Limit of heat tolerance of the pulp 248
Aspirated or misplaced odontoblasts 248
Chapter 15 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 1—anterior intracoronal retainers 254
Intracoronal retainers 255
Indications 255
Intracoronal retainers in pulpless teeth 255
Removal of caries 256
Steps in the preparation of an anterior class Ⅰ，type 1，intracoronal retainer 257
Outline form 257
Resistance and retention forms 257
Class Ⅰ，type Ⅰ retainers：steps in preparation 259
Chapter 16 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 2—posterior intracoronal retainers 265
Indications 265
Steps in the preparation of a posterior intra-coronal retainer 266
Outline form 266
Resistance and retention forms 268
Modifications 276
The slice preparation 277
Chapter 17 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 3—anterior extra-coronal partial veneer retainers 285
General considerations 285
Indications 285
Separation 286
Removal of decay 286
Outline form 286
Gum retraction and removal 287
Resistance and retention forms 288
Incisal groove 288
Proximal grooves 288
Axial walls 290
Steps and instrumentation of preparation 290
Preparation of proximal surfaces 290
Incisal cut 291
Lingual cuts 292
Incisal groove 294
Axial proximal grooves 295
Cervical margin preparation 296
Chapter 18 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 4—posterior extra-coronal partial veneer retainers 301
Indications 303
Outline form 305
Resistance and retention forms 307
Upper abutments 308
Steps of preparation 308
Lower abutments 313
One-half veneer crown 313
Steps of construction 314
MacBoyle type 319
Chapter 19 Intermediate retention of retainers 320
Cement 320
Metal pins 325
Threaded key 326
Modifications 329
Lower abutments 330
Kabnick type 330
MacBoyle type 331
Pinlay and pinledge retainers 332
Pin and pinledge retention of cast restorations 335
Preparing pinholes—direct method 335
Fridge paralleling guide 336
Parallel grooves 340
The Ney Parallel Pin technic 341
Operative procedure 342
Laboratory procedure 343
Placement of the finished restoration 347
Chapter 20 Construction of retainers：direct method—materials，equipment，and procedures 350
History of dental casting 350
Fabrication of direct retainers—the direct method， 351
Need for matrix 351
Manipulation of inlay wax 356
Use of lubricant 358
Design of tooth form and occlusion—Everitt Payne method 358
Planning and preparations 358
Materials 360
Forming the wax pattern by direct method in the mouth 365
Attaching sprue pin 366
Use of reservoir 368
Treatment of wax pattern 368
Investing 369
Expansion of casting investments 369
Wax elimination：oven temperature 381
Casting 382
Chapter 21 Construction of retainers：indirect method—materials，equipment，and procedures （hydrocolloids ） 391
Hydrocolloids—reversible and irreversible 391
Die fabricated in elastic impression materials 391
Disadvantages of the indirect method 392
Hydrocolloid impression materials 393
Reversible （agar-agar） impression material 394
Retraction of gingival tissue 403
Injection of hydrocolloid material 410
Positioning the tray 412
Removal and treatment of impression 413
Pouring cast in stone and completion 414
Requirements for the die materials 416
Wax pattern fabrication on die 423
Limitations of irreversible （alginate） impression material 424
Chapter 22 Construction of retainers：indirect method—materials，equipment，and procedures （mercaptan—silicone base） 429
Physical and mechanical properties of impres-sion materials 430
Impression technic using mercaptan rubber base impression material 432
Constructing the tray 432
Individual impressions in bands 440
Steele’s copper-die 442
Silicone elastic impression materials 443
Technic for mixing and taking the impression 443
Proportions 443
Tray elasticon base 443
Mixing 444
Cleaning the syringe 448
Electroformed dies and casts 449
Chapter 23 Tooth preparation and construction of complete metal crowns without dowels：posterior and anterior class Ⅱ，type Ⅰ 461
Posterior teeth 461
Indications 461
Requirements 462
Disadvantages 463
Difficulty in cementing crown 464
Preparation of carious tooth 464
Use of pulpless tooth 464
When to use dowels 465
Types of complete cast metal crowns without dowels 466
Advantages of the cast type of crown 466
Preparation of tooth 466
Finishing the shoulderless preparation at the gingival margin 473
Methods of constructing posterior metal crowns 474
The swaged-cast shoulderless type 474
Modified type：cast occlusal surface 480
All-cast type of crown 482
Preparation of tooth：shoulder and shoulderless types 482
Waxing the crown 484
Finishing and cementing crown 485
Hollenback east shoulder crowns using porcelain veneer facing 486
Fired porcelain veneer facing type 492
Chapter 24 Tooth preparation for complete porcelain veneer crowns：anterior and posterior teeth—class Ⅱ，typeⅠ 495
Advantages and disadvantages 495
Indications 496
Requirements 496
Roentgenographs and study casts 498
Use of warm water and anesthetics 498
Types of preparations 498
Shoulderless preparation 498
Shoulder preparation 500
Chapter25 Color：principles，selection，and reproduction in crowns and fixed partial prosthodontics—materials，equipment，and application 530
Principles and theories 530
Fundamentals of facial art 530
Fundamentals of color （hue） 531
Color in natural teeth 535
Selection of color for prosthetic restorations 535
Reproducing colors in porcelain 537
Influence of cement on color 537
Distribution of porcelain 539
Surface texture of porcelain 539
Position and shape of tooth 539
Use of stains and stained porcelain 539
Restoring glazed surface 541
Chapter 26 Construction of complete porcelain veneer crowns，securing impression of preparation，constructing dies，and firing porcelain 547
Matrix construction 552
Lingual relief of tinner’s joint 556
Relief to allow for porcelain shrinkage 558
Characteristics of porcelain 559
Low-fusing porcelain 560
Medium-fusing porcelain 560
High-fusing porcelain 560
Methods of applying porcelain 560
Drying the porcelain crown 561
Firing porcelain in air or vacuum 561
Number of firings required 562
Porcelain furnace 563
Calibrating porcelain furnace 563
Duplicating colors 564
Application of porcelain in constructing crowns， 564
First application 565
Second application 566
Trimming and fitting crown 568
Final glaze 569
Removal of matrix 569
Cementing crown 569
Removal of excess cement 569
Use of prefired veneer 569
The direct fabrication of restorations without foil on a refractory die 570
Die properties 570
Die and model preparation 572
Jacket crown fabrication 573
Butt-shoulder restorations 575
Chapter 27 Tooth preparation：construction of dowel crowns—anterior and posterior teeth 580
Early types of dowel crowns 580
Types of crowns 580
All-metal gold cast type 580
Detached dowel type 581
Cast metal base type 581
Fused porcelain base type 581
Swaged iridioplatinum base 582
Richmond crown 584
Types and component phases of construction， 584
Cast type Richmond crown 585
Root preparation 590
Aluminous porcelain crown with ceramic base fused to dowel 599
Aluminous porcelain dowel crown using platinum coping 601
Aluminous porcelain dowel crown without a metal coping 604
Chapter 28 Construction of working models 607
Transfer to articulator： functionally generated path method 607
Treatment of the ridge mucosa 607
Types of impressions and work models 608
Soldering-investment model 608
Low-fusing alloy model 608
Combination model of alloy and stone 610
Working models for indirect technic 610
Functionally generated path methods： Hanau，Jelenko 611
Hanau twinstage occluder method 612
Jelenko Verticulator method 618
Chapter 29 Procedure for transfer to articulator using adjustable hinge axis face bow and interocclusal records 623
Location of the hinge axis 625
Relating the maxillary cast to the terminal hinge position of the mandible 628
Transfer of the maxillary cast to the articulator 629
Modification of face bow （XP） 636
Centric occlusion or centric relation 637
Preparation of interocclusal record 638
Recording centric occlusion 640
Transfer of mandibular cast in centric occlusion 641
Records for setting the articulator 642
Interocclusal record of protrusive relationship 642
Setting articulator to protrusive record 643
Right and left lateral interocclusal records 644
Right lateral relation record 646
Left lateral relation record 646
Adjustment of incisal guide 647
Checking the accuracy of the transfer 648
Chapter 30 Construction of pontics for fied partial dentures：indications，types，and materials 650
Requirements of a pontic 650
Types of pontics 650
Older types 650
Modern types 650
Tissue response 651
Biologic reactions to porcelain root extension pontics 651
Changes occurring in ridge 652
Types of mucosa 652
Finish and contour of pontics 652
Width of porcelain facing 653
Length of facing 653
Buccolingual width 653
Abnormal conditions 653
Embrasures 653
Shape of gingival area 655
Advantages of porcelain 655
Length of pontic 655
High lip line and pontics 656
Staining and modifying pontics 656
Treatment of incisal edge 656
Restoring occlusion 657
Metal portion of pontic 657
Hollow grinding the facing 658
Replaceable type of facing 658
Shapes of pontics and ridges 658
Selection of facing 659
Alignment of pontic 659
Ridge-lap and “saddle” types 661
Conical root type 661
“Sanitary bridges，” 663
Position of platinum pins 665
Construction of plaster core or index 666
Firing porcelain to the facing 666
Firing the pontic “shelf，” 668
Second application and firing porcelain 669
Shaping the pontic 670
Beveling the and hollow grinding 671
Waxing the lingual and occlusal contours 672
Treatment of platinum pins 673
Use of graphite points or metal pins 673
Fitting casting to facing 674
Treatment of the incisal edge 675
Use of porcelain teeth for pontics 677
Chapter 31 Gold alloys and soldering operations related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 682
Principles of metallography as applied to dentis-try 682
Space lattices 682
Slip planes 683
Pure metals 684
Gold alloys 685
Types of metal alloys 685
Gold-copper alloy 687
Specifications of alloys 687
Classification of inlay casting golds 688
Physical properties of alloys 688
Gold alloys and their specifications 689
Heat treatment 691
Two methods of heat treatment 691
Results of heat treatment 692
Soldering 692
Requisites of a solder 692
Factors involved in successful soldering 692
Use of flux and antiflux 693
Position of parts to be soldered 693
The soldering flame 693
Results of excessive beat 694
Position of invested crown or bridge 695
Temperature of investment 695
Excessive use of flux 696
Location and amount of solder 696
Procedures following the soldering operation 696
Pickling and contamination 696
Chapter 32 Assembling retainers and pontics utilizing connectors （nonrigid and rigid） 699
The soldered connector 699
Use of core or index 700
Investing the bridge 700
Preparing the bridge for soldering 701
Uniting the parts of the bridge 701
Trial in mouth 701
Taking final impression 702
Final soldering of bridge 702
Cementing the bridge 702
The broken-stress principle 703
Nonrigid connector 703
Nonprecision types of broken-stresses 704
Precision types of broken-stress connectors 711
Chapter 33 Installation，maintenance，and repair of crowns and fixed partial prostheses 712
Testing the bridge before cementation 712
Setting the bridge temporarily 712
Preparing the abutment teeth 713
Selection and mixing of cement 713
Essentials of correct cementation 713
Lubricating the bridge 714
Difficulties in cementing crowns 714
Cementing the crown or bridge 715
Procedures following cementation 715
Scope of maintenance 716
Purpose of maintenance service 716
Occurrence of changes 717
Recording the oral and general health 717
Roentgenographic data 717
Recording method of tooth preparation 718
Recording strength of bite 720
Value of accurate records 720
Time of subsequent examinations 720
Constructing additional study casts 721
Instruction in the care of the prosthesis 721
Repair 721
Causes for removal of prostheses 721
Removal and repair of gold crowns 722
Repair of porcelain crowns 723
Removal of crown with dowel 723
Removal of dowel 723
Removal of bridges 724
Removing an all-porcelain bridge 725
Removal of complete porcelain veneer crown 726
Repair of crown or bridge facing 726
Repairing long pin pontic； hydrocolloid technic 727
Chapter 34 History and development of metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures （bridges） ； early types to present-day restorations 733
Indications and contraindications for porcelain bridges 734
Types and construction of porcelain bridges 734
The all-porcelain bridge 734
The metal reinforced bridge 735
Chapter 35 Current dental restorations utilizing ceramics fired to gold-alloy castings （Thermalite，Micro-Bond，Ceramcoporcelains） 757
Use of Thermalite 1750° F.porcelain and Ney-Oro P-16 casting gold 757
Technic for constructing Micro-Bond Hi-Life res-torations 763
Metal phase 764
Spruing 766
Investing and burnout （using Ceramigold in-vestment—Whip Mix Corp.） 766
Soldering 768
Preparation of metal for porcelain application 768
Porcelain phase 769
Trouble shooting 771
Metal phase 771
Porcelain pbase 771
Ceramco technic 773
Vacuum firing 776
Completing the firing cycle for vacuum opaque 777
Completing the firing cycle for vacuum gingival and incisal 777
Glazing 777
Chapter36 Alumina-reinforced ceramics 780
Alumina-reinforced porcelains 780
Formulation of aluminous porcelains 781
Indications for use 782
The atypical preparation 783
Principles of esthetics 783
Aluminous porcelain materials 787
Construction of the aluminous complete porcelain veneer crown 788
Technic for constructing low-fusing core porce-lain 788
Cervical relief 790
Vacuum-firing and air-firing technics 790
Aluminous core porcelain—first firing 793
Aluminous core porcelain—second firing 793
Application of gingival and body veneer porce-lains 793
Applications of enamel veneer porcelain 794
Final characterization 795
Aluminous porcelain intense color modifiers 797
Contact area adjustment 797
Grinding and staining 797
Glazing 798
The posterior aluminous porcelain crown 798
Preformed high-alumina ceramic reinforcements 799
Palatal reinforced crowns 802
High-alumina curved strip （S.1） 802
Technic 802
Chapter 37 Gnathologic procedures utilizing the Denar Model D4-A and pantograph 806
Anterior and posterior control areas 806
Articulator calibrations 808
Horizontal reference plane 809
Midsagittal reference plane 809
Posterior control areas 809
Anterior control area 810
Posterior control adjustments 810
Horizontal condylar guide adjustment： antero-posterior angle of the eminentia protrusive 811
Immediate-side-shift adjustment 811
Progressive-side-shift adjustment 811
Sagittal displacement of the rotating condyle；backward and forward rear wall adjustment 811
Lateral condylar path adjustment； lateral ad-justment orbiting path adjustment 812
Custom-grinding inserts 812
Anterior control adjustments 813
Vertical dimension of incisal pin； incisal pin ad-justment 813
Horizontal overjet adjustment； long centric ad-justment 813
Protrusive inclination of the incisal table； angle of the incisal table anteroposteriorly； anterior vertical overbite adjustment 813
Lateral wings of the incisal table； angle of the incisal table mediolaterally 813
Initial reference 813
Horizontal reference plane 813
Anterior reference point 813
Posterior reference points 813
Summary 814
Reference plane location 815
Clutch construction （registration tray） 816
Dentulous patient 816
Denar pantograph 819
One-step transfer 820
Systems approach 821
Transferring the pantograph to the Denar D4-A articulator 821
Face bow transfer 824
Adjusting the D4-A articulator to the panto-graphic record 825
Sequence of adjustments 827
Reciprocal influence of adjustment 828
Checkbite procedure 829
Technic 829
Eccentric checkbite technic 830
Chapter 38 Use of acrylic resins in crowns and xed partial dentures； early use of synthetic resins 837
Early use of synthetic resins for crowns 837
Types of synthetic resins 837
Desirable physical properties of resins 838
Monomer 838
Methods of mixing monomer and polymer 838
Closure of flask 839
Methods of processing 840
High heat method of processing 840
Low heat method of processing 843
Autopolymerization method （self-curing） 844
Disadvantages of porosity 844
Dimensional changes due to moisture 844
Biologic compatibility of acrylic resins 845
Cold flow of resins 846
Indications for acrylic crowns 846
Acrylic resin veneer crowns：the effect of tooth preparation on crown fabrication and future periodontal health 847
Repair of crowns utilizing synthetic resins 853
Repair of facings 853
Disadvantages of acrylic crowns 854
Early use of synthetic resins in fixed partial den-tures 854
Indications for acrylic fixed partial dentures 854
Advantages of acrylic fixed restorations 854
Disadvantages of acrylic fixed partial dentures 855
Types of acrylic fixed partial dentures 855
Types of abutment preparations 855
Conclusion 856
Chapter 39 Fundamental mechanics of fixed dental restorations； relation of mechanical forces to biologic reactions 859
Introduction 860
Force 860
Resolution and composition of forces 862
The couple and force transfer 863
Moment of a force—center of gravity of parallel forces 864
The laws of static equilibrium 865
Applications of laws of equilibrium on posterior bicuspid 866
Application of an eccentric occlusal load to the tooth 871
Induced forces in the fundus 872
The axial load effect 872
Resisting forces due to a couple 873
Effects of force upon material 874
Types of stress 875
Physical properties of materials 876
Structural signifi ance of physical properties 879
Beams—definitions 880
Beam reactions—the laws of static equilibrium 881
Shear and bending moment in a beam 882
Interrelationships between shear and bending moment 883
Stresses in a beam due to bending moment 884
Stresses in a circular bar subject to torque 886
Moments，centers of gravity.and moments of inertia of areas 886
Center of gravity 890
Section modulus—computing stresses in a bridge 891
Angular rotations of beam sections in terms of moment areas 893
Deflections of beams in terms of moment areas 895
Bending moment from a couple applied at the end of a beam 896
Deflections of any span of any beam 897
Deflections of beams due to bending in terms of maximum allowable unit stress 898
Statically indeterminate beams 899
The theorem of three moments 900
Settlements of supports—indeterminate beams 903
Beams of the anterior bridge type 904
Tied-back abutments 907
Chapter 40 Structural investigation and design of dental restorations （bridges） ；relationship of structural design to biologic acceptance 910
Fundamental considerations 910
Factors related to load-carrying capacity 911
Beam types represented among dental bridges 912
Comparative load-carrying characteristics of beam sections 916
Investigation of the dental bridge 919
Load at center of span 919
Soldered joint 5-6 920
Punching shear—joint 4-5 920
Some considerations in designing a dental bridge 921
Steps in the structural design of a dental bridge 923
Design of a two-pontic bridge 924
Punching shear at joint 5-4 926
Design of a tbree-pontic upper bridge 927
Design of an anterior bridge 928
Moments at the left support 928
At the mesial point （span center） 929
At point A （connection to the abutments）：3-2，2-3 929
Transferring the bridge reaction to the abutment 930
Chapter 41 Gothic arch tracings with Hanau adjustable articulator H2-XPR and face bow：separable registration trays and stone checkbites 932
Technic of using gothic arch tracings with the Hanau adjustable articulator，model H2-XPR；the adjustable face bow and separable regis-tration trays （clutches ） 934
Registration trays （clutches） 938
Investing and casting registration trays 943
Placing the recording apparatus on the patient 949
Face bow arms 951
Setting the Hanau H2-XPR adjustable articula-tor to the face bow and stone checkbite reg-istrations 965
Modeling compound zinc oxide-eugenol method of obtaining centric relation registration 975
Analyzing positions of condylar spheres 982