THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CROWN AND FIXED PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS SIXTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 History of crown and fixed partial prosthodontics （bridge） 1

Early history 1

The nineteenth century 4

The twentieth century 5

Early developments 5

Further developments 10

Definitions related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 10

Chapter 2 Factors relating to examination of patient requiring crowns and fixed partial prostheses 13

General examination 14

Indications 14

Oral examination 18

Necessity for roentgenographs 18

Recording data 19

Pulp tests 19

Former oral health service 20

Fillings 20

Crowns 21

Fixed partial dentures 21

Removable partial denture 22

Complete denture 22

Orthodontic treatment 22

Surgery 23

Ora abnormalities 23

Upper anterior restorations 25

Biologic aspects of foundation 25

Tooth form and function 28

Root anatomy 30

Forces and stresses 30

Concepts of occlusion 31

General considerations of patient 32

Type of patient 32

Dental analysis 33

Number and location of teeth 33

Form，position，size of teeth 34

Analysis of occlusion 34

Dental abnormalities 34

Extraction 35

The pulp 36

Treated teeth 36

Dental fractures and tissue dyscrasias 36

Caries 37

Fractures of teeth：resorption and repair 38

Internal and external resorption 41

Erosion 42

Enamel hypoplasia 42

Abrasion and attrition 43

Opalescent dentin or dentinogenesis imperfecta 43

Porphyria erythropoietica 44

Chapter 3 Types of restorations utilized in crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 52

Immediate fixed partial denture service 53

Prerequisites 54

Types of crowns 56

Types and components of fixed partial dentures：anterior and posterior 59

Pulpless teeth 68

Orthodontic procedures：rotated and tilted teeth 69

Arrowhead bite plane 69

Surgical treatment 72

Cleft palate 73

Oral disorders 73

Materials used 74

Use of dissimilar metals 74

Preventive measures 75

Chapter 4 Histologic structure of teeth and sup-porting tissues in relation to crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 78

Calcified dental tissues 78

The enamel 78

The dentin 82

The cementum 85The alveolar process 86

Noncalcified dental tissue 87

The pulp 87

The periodontal membrane （ligament） 90

The gums and gingivae 92

Chapter 5 Anatomy of the stomatognathic system related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy 97

Chapter 6 The maxillae—mandible and related factors 106

The maxillae：ridge and arch form 106

Alveolar process 107

Changes following extraction 108

The palates 109

The mandible 109

Ridge and arch form 110

Mylohyoid ridge 110

Mental foramen 111

Other oral factors：mucous membrane 111

The tongue 111

Glands of the mouth 112

Masticatory force 112

Facial factors 113

Form and color harmony 113

Facial form 113

Profile form 115

Color harmony 115

Lips 115

Facial landmarks 116

Chapter 7 Stomatognathic physiology related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy 118

Slide from retruded contact to maximum inter-cuspation 119

Interocclusal distance and movement from rest position to maximum intercuspation 121

Centric relation closure arc and terminal hinge position 122

Types of occlusal function 123

Proprioception in the stomatognathic system 126

Summary 128

Chapter 8 The elderly person who requires crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 132

A new era of old people 132

Less endentulous oldsters 133

Old individuals are individual 133

Application in crown and fixed partial prostho-dontics 134

The interview 137

Biologic concepts in technical procedures 138

The oral examination 138

Interproximal abrasion 142

Rampant dental caries in advanced age 143

Endodontics 145

Periodontics and perioprosthodontics 146

The mobile tooth 146

The space to be spanned 147

Design of preparations 147

Cantilever pontics 148

Cementation 148

A silent tongue can speak 148

Chapter 9 Distribution of abutments，crowns，and fixed partial dentures relative to patient’s sex and age 152

Loss of one tooth 152

Loss of several teeth 153

Crowns and fixed partial dentures 154

Chapter 10 Movements of abutment teeth related to the fixed partial denture 160

Buccolingual movement 160

Distomesial rotation 162

Movement of the bridge as a whole 164

Loose abutments 178

Use of pier （intermediate abutment） 179

Chapter 11 Biologic interpretation of physical and mechanical principles 181

Types of forces 181

Centers of rotation in teeth 182

Forces of mastication 184

Effects on biting force 184

Biting force in partially edentulous mouths 185

Causes of abnormal forces 188

Anterior component of force 190

Intra-alveolar movement of teeth 191

Shape of roots 191

Chapter 12 Stomatognathic pathologic physiol-ogy related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontic therapy 195

Chapter 13 Mechanical principles in preparing teeth for intracoronal，extracoronal，and complete crown retainers 200

Ideal abutment 200

Questionable abutments 201

Root length of abutment 202

Classification of retainers 202

The ideal retainer 203

Selection of type 203

Principles of intracoronal preparation 204

Class Ⅰ，types 1 and 2 204

Black’s principles of cavity preparation 205

Modifications of retention and resistance form 209

The inlay and its cavity （forces，stresses，and retention） 215

Principles of extracoronal preparations 225

Anterior partial veneer retainer； class Ⅰ，type 3 225

Posterior partial veneer retainer； class Ⅰ，type 4 225

Complete cast gold retainers； class Ⅱ，type 1 228

Role of enamel in preparation of retainers 229

Cutting the enamel wall 229

Structural requirements for enamel walls 232

Chapter 14 Methods of cutting teeth and prefer-ential use of instruments 236

Heat generation 242

Coolants 243

Vibration 244

Size of cutting instrument and cutting speeds 247

The biologic responses of the pulp to high-speed cutting 247

Limit of heat tolerance of the pulp 248

Aspirated or misplaced odontoblasts 248

Chapter 15 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 1—anterior intracoronal retainers 254

Intracoronal retainers 255

Indications 255

Intracoronal retainers in pulpless teeth 255

Removal of caries 256

Steps in the preparation of an anterior class Ⅰ，type 1，intracoronal retainer 257

Outline form 257

Resistance and retention forms 257

Class Ⅰ，type Ⅰ retainers：steps in preparation 259

Chapter 16 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 2—posterior intracoronal retainers 265

Indications 265

Steps in the preparation of a posterior intra-coronal retainer 266

Outline form 266

Resistance and retention forms 268

Modifications 276

The slice preparation 277

Chapter 17 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 3—anterior extra-coronal partial veneer retainers 285

General considerations 285

Indications 285

Separation 286

Removal of decay 286

Outline form 286

Gum retraction and removal 287

Resistance and retention forms 288

Incisal groove 288

Proximal grooves 288

Axial walls 290

Steps and instrumentation of preparation 290

Preparation of proximal surfaces 290

Incisal cut 291

Lingual cuts 292

Incisal groove 294

Axial proximal grooves 295

Cervical margin preparation 296

Chapter 18 Tooth preparations and instrumenta-tion：class Ⅰ，type 4—posterior extra-coronal partial veneer retainers 301

Indications 303

Outline form 305

Resistance and retention forms 307

Upper abutments 308

Steps of preparation 308

Lower abutments 313

One-half veneer crown 313

Steps of construction 314

MacBoyle type 319

Chapter 19 Intermediate retention of retainers 320

Cement 320

Metal pins 325

Threaded key 326

Modifications 329

Lower abutments 330

Kabnick type 330

MacBoyle type 331

Pinlay and pinledge retainers 332

Pin and pinledge retention of cast restorations 335

Preparing pinholes—direct method 335

Fridge paralleling guide 336

Parallel grooves 340

The Ney Parallel Pin technic 341

Operative procedure 342

Laboratory procedure 343

Placement of the finished restoration 347

Chapter 20 Construction of retainers：direct method—materials，equipment，and procedures 350

History of dental casting 350

Fabrication of direct retainers—the direct method， 351

Need for matrix 351

Manipulation of inlay wax 356

Use of lubricant 358

Design of tooth form and occlusion—Everitt Payne method 358

Planning and preparations 358

Materials 360

Forming the wax pattern by direct method in the mouth 365

Attaching sprue pin 366

Use of reservoir 368

Treatment of wax pattern 368

Investing 369

Expansion of casting investments 369

Wax elimination：oven temperature 381

Casting 382

Chapter 21 Construction of retainers：indirect method—materials，equipment，and procedures （hydrocolloids ） 391

Hydrocolloids—reversible and irreversible 391

Die fabricated in elastic impression materials 391

Disadvantages of the indirect method 392

Hydrocolloid impression materials 393

Reversible （agar-agar） impression material 394

Retraction of gingival tissue 403

Injection of hydrocolloid material 410

Positioning the tray 412

Removal and treatment of impression 413

Pouring cast in stone and completion 414

Requirements for the die materials 416

Wax pattern fabrication on die 423

Limitations of irreversible （alginate） impression material 424

Chapter 22 Construction of retainers：indirect method—materials，equipment，and procedures （mercaptan—silicone base） 429

Physical and mechanical properties of impres-sion materials 430

Impression technic using mercaptan rubber base impression material 432

Constructing the tray 432

Individual impressions in bands 440

Steele’s copper-die 442

Silicone elastic impression materials 443

Technic for mixing and taking the impression 443

Proportions 443

Tray elasticon base 443

Mixing 444

Cleaning the syringe 448

Electroformed dies and casts 449

Chapter 23 Tooth preparation and construction of complete metal crowns without dowels：posterior and anterior class Ⅱ，type Ⅰ 461

Posterior teeth 461

Indications 461

Requirements 462

Disadvantages 463

Difficulty in cementing crown 464

Preparation of carious tooth 464

Use of pulpless tooth 464

When to use dowels 465

Types of complete cast metal crowns without dowels 466

Advantages of the cast type of crown 466

Preparation of tooth 466

Finishing the shoulderless preparation at the gingival margin 473

Methods of constructing posterior metal crowns 474

The swaged-cast shoulderless type 474

Modified type：cast occlusal surface 480

All-cast type of crown 482

Preparation of tooth：shoulder and shoulderless types 482

Waxing the crown 484

Finishing and cementing crown 485

Hollenback east shoulder crowns using porcelain veneer facing 486

Fired porcelain veneer facing type 492

Chapter 24 Tooth preparation for complete porcelain veneer crowns：anterior and posterior teeth—class Ⅱ，typeⅠ 495

Advantages and disadvantages 495

Indications 496

Requirements 496

Roentgenographs and study casts 498

Use of warm water and anesthetics 498

Types of preparations 498

Shoulderless preparation 498

Shoulder preparation 500

Chapter25 Color：principles，selection，and reproduction in crowns and fixed partial prosthodontics—materials，equipment，and application 530

Principles and theories 530

Fundamentals of facial art 530

Fundamentals of color （hue） 531

Color in natural teeth 535

Selection of color for prosthetic restorations 535

Reproducing colors in porcelain 537

Influence of cement on color 537

Distribution of porcelain 539

Surface texture of porcelain 539

Position and shape of tooth 539

Use of stains and stained porcelain 539

Restoring glazed surface 541

Chapter 26 Construction of complete porcelain veneer crowns，securing impression of preparation，constructing dies，and firing porcelain 547

Matrix construction 552

Lingual relief of tinner’s joint 556

Relief to allow for porcelain shrinkage 558

Characteristics of porcelain 559

Low-fusing porcelain 560

Medium-fusing porcelain 560

High-fusing porcelain 560

Methods of applying porcelain 560

Drying the porcelain crown 561

Firing porcelain in air or vacuum 561

Number of firings required 562

Porcelain furnace 563

Calibrating porcelain furnace 563

Duplicating colors 564

Application of porcelain in constructing crowns， 564

First application 565

Second application 566

Trimming and fitting crown 568

Final glaze 569

Removal of matrix 569

Cementing crown 569

Removal of excess cement 569

Use of prefired veneer 569

The direct fabrication of restorations without foil on a refractory die 570

Die properties 570

Die and model preparation 572

Jacket crown fabrication 573

Butt-shoulder restorations 575

Chapter 27 Tooth preparation：construction of dowel crowns—anterior and posterior teeth 580

Early types of dowel crowns 580

Types of crowns 580

All-metal gold cast type 580

Detached dowel type 581

Cast metal base type 581

Fused porcelain base type 581

Swaged iridioplatinum base 582

Richmond crown 584

Types and component phases of construction， 584

Cast type Richmond crown 585

Root preparation 590

Aluminous porcelain crown with ceramic base fused to dowel 599

Aluminous porcelain dowel crown using platinum coping 601

Aluminous porcelain dowel crown without a metal coping 604

Chapter 28 Construction of working models 607

Transfer to articulator： functionally generated path method 607

Treatment of the ridge mucosa 607

Types of impressions and work models 608

Soldering-investment model 608

Low-fusing alloy model 608

Combination model of alloy and stone 610

Working models for indirect technic 610

Functionally generated path methods： Hanau，Jelenko 611

Hanau twinstage occluder method 612

Jelenko Verticulator method 618

Chapter 29 Procedure for transfer to articulator using adjustable hinge axis face bow and interocclusal records 623

Location of the hinge axis 625

Relating the maxillary cast to the terminal hinge position of the mandible 628

Transfer of the maxillary cast to the articulator 629

Modification of face bow （XP） 636

Centric occlusion or centric relation 637

Preparation of interocclusal record 638

Recording centric occlusion 640

Transfer of mandibular cast in centric occlusion 641

Records for setting the articulator 642

Interocclusal record of protrusive relationship 642

Setting articulator to protrusive record 643

Right and left lateral interocclusal records 644

Right lateral relation record 646

Left lateral relation record 646

Adjustment of incisal guide 647

Checking the accuracy of the transfer 648

Chapter 30 Construction of pontics for fied partial dentures：indications，types，and materials 650

Requirements of a pontic 650

Types of pontics 650

Older types 650

Modern types 650

Tissue response 651

Biologic reactions to porcelain root extension pontics 651

Changes occurring in ridge 652

Types of mucosa 652

Finish and contour of pontics 652

Width of porcelain facing 653

Length of facing 653

Buccolingual width 653

Abnormal conditions 653

Embrasures 653

Shape of gingival area 655

Advantages of porcelain 655

Length of pontic 655

High lip line and pontics 656

Staining and modifying pontics 656

Treatment of incisal edge 656

Restoring occlusion 657

Metal portion of pontic 657

Hollow grinding the facing 658

Replaceable type of facing 658

Shapes of pontics and ridges 658

Selection of facing 659

Alignment of pontic 659

Ridge-lap and “saddle” types 661

Conical root type 661

“Sanitary bridges，” 663

Position of platinum pins 665

Construction of plaster core or index 666

Firing porcelain to the facing 666

Firing the pontic “shelf，” 668

Second application and firing porcelain 669

Shaping the pontic 670

Beveling the and hollow grinding 671

Waxing the lingual and occlusal contours 672

Treatment of platinum pins 673

Use of graphite points or metal pins 673

Fitting casting to facing 674

Treatment of the incisal edge 675

Use of porcelain teeth for pontics 677

Chapter 31 Gold alloys and soldering operations related to crown and fixed partial prosthodontics 682

Principles of metallography as applied to dentis-try 682

Space lattices 682

Slip planes 683

Pure metals 684

Gold alloys 685

Types of metal alloys 685

Gold-copper alloy 687

Specifications of alloys 687

Classification of inlay casting golds 688

Physical properties of alloys 688

Gold alloys and their specifications 689

Heat treatment 691

Two methods of heat treatment 691

Results of heat treatment 692

Soldering 692

Requisites of a solder 692

Factors involved in successful soldering 692

Use of flux and antiflux 693

Position of parts to be soldered 693

The soldering flame 693

Results of excessive beat 694

Position of invested crown or bridge 695

Temperature of investment 695

Excessive use of flux 696

Location and amount of solder 696

Procedures following the soldering operation 696

Pickling and contamination 696

Chapter 32 Assembling retainers and pontics utilizing connectors （nonrigid and rigid） 699

The soldered connector 699

Use of core or index 700

Investing the bridge 700

Preparing the bridge for soldering 701

Uniting the parts of the bridge 701

Trial in mouth 701

Taking final impression 702

Final soldering of bridge 702

Cementing the bridge 702

The broken-stress principle 703

Nonrigid connector 703

Nonprecision types of broken-stresses 704

Precision types of broken-stress connectors 711

Chapter 33 Installation，maintenance，and repair of crowns and fixed partial prostheses 712

Testing the bridge before cementation 712

Setting the bridge temporarily 712

Preparing the abutment teeth 713

Selection and mixing of cement 713

Essentials of correct cementation 713

Lubricating the bridge 714

Difficulties in cementing crowns 714

Cementing the crown or bridge 715

Procedures following cementation 715

Scope of maintenance 716

Purpose of maintenance service 716

Occurrence of changes 717

Recording the oral and general health 717

Roentgenographic data 717

Recording method of tooth preparation 718

Recording strength of bite 720

Value of accurate records 720

Time of subsequent examinations 720

Constructing additional study casts 721

Instruction in the care of the prosthesis 721

Repair 721

Causes for removal of prostheses 721

Removal and repair of gold crowns 722

Repair of porcelain crowns 723

Removal of crown with dowel 723

Removal of dowel 723

Removal of bridges 724

Removing an all-porcelain bridge 725

Removal of complete porcelain veneer crown 726

Repair of crown or bridge facing 726

Repairing long pin pontic； hydrocolloid technic 727

Chapter 34 History and development of metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures （bridges） ； early types to present-day restorations 733

Indications and contraindications for porcelain bridges 734

Types and construction of porcelain bridges 734

The all-porcelain bridge 734

The metal reinforced bridge 735

Chapter 35 Current dental restorations utilizing ceramics fired to gold-alloy castings （Thermalite，Micro-Bond，Ceramcoporcelains） 757

Use of Thermalite 1750° F.porcelain and Ney-Oro P-16 casting gold 757

Technic for constructing Micro-Bond Hi-Life res-torations 763

Metal phase 764

Spruing 766

Investing and burnout （using Ceramigold in-vestment—Whip Mix Corp.） 766

Soldering 768

Preparation of metal for porcelain application 768

Porcelain phase 769

Trouble shooting 771

Metal phase 771

Porcelain pbase 771

Ceramco technic 773

Vacuum firing 776

Completing the firing cycle for vacuum opaque 777

Completing the firing cycle for vacuum gingival and incisal 777

Glazing 777

Chapter36 Alumina-reinforced ceramics 780

Alumina-reinforced porcelains 780

Formulation of aluminous porcelains 781

Indications for use 782

The atypical preparation 783

Principles of esthetics 783

Aluminous porcelain materials 787

Construction of the aluminous complete porcelain veneer crown 788

Technic for constructing low-fusing core porce-lain 788

Cervical relief 790

Vacuum-firing and air-firing technics 790

Aluminous core porcelain—first firing 793

Aluminous core porcelain—second firing 793

Application of gingival and body veneer porce-lains 793

Applications of enamel veneer porcelain 794

Final characterization 795

Aluminous porcelain intense color modifiers 797

Contact area adjustment 797

Grinding and staining 797

Glazing 798

The posterior aluminous porcelain crown 798

Preformed high-alumina ceramic reinforcements 799

Palatal reinforced crowns 802

High-alumina curved strip （S.1） 802

Technic 802

Chapter 37 Gnathologic procedures utilizing the Denar Model D4-A and pantograph 806

Anterior and posterior control areas 806

Articulator calibrations 808

Horizontal reference plane 809

Midsagittal reference plane 809

Posterior control areas 809

Anterior control area 810

Posterior control adjustments 810

Horizontal condylar guide adjustment： antero-posterior angle of the eminentia protrusive 811

Immediate-side-shift adjustment 811

Progressive-side-shift adjustment 811

Sagittal displacement of the rotating condyle；backward and forward rear wall adjustment 811

Lateral condylar path adjustment； lateral ad-justment orbiting path adjustment 812

Custom-grinding inserts 812

Anterior control adjustments 813

Vertical dimension of incisal pin； incisal pin ad-justment 813

Horizontal overjet adjustment； long centric ad-justment 813

Protrusive inclination of the incisal table； angle of the incisal table anteroposteriorly； anterior vertical overbite adjustment 813

Lateral wings of the incisal table； angle of the incisal table mediolaterally 813

Initial reference 813

Horizontal reference plane 813

Anterior reference point 813

Posterior reference points 813

Summary 814

Reference plane location 815

Clutch construction （registration tray） 816

Dentulous patient 816

Denar pantograph 819

One-step transfer 820

Systems approach 821

Transferring the pantograph to the Denar D4-A articulator 821

Face bow transfer 824

Adjusting the D4-A articulator to the panto-graphic record 825

Sequence of adjustments 827

Reciprocal influence of adjustment 828

Checkbite procedure 829

Technic 829

Eccentric checkbite technic 830

Chapter 38 Use of acrylic resins in crowns and xed partial dentures； early use of synthetic resins 837

Early use of synthetic resins for crowns 837

Types of synthetic resins 837

Desirable physical properties of resins 838

Monomer 838

Methods of mixing monomer and polymer 838

Closure of flask 839

Methods of processing 840

High heat method of processing 840

Low heat method of processing 843

Autopolymerization method （self-curing） 844

Disadvantages of porosity 844

Dimensional changes due to moisture 844

Biologic compatibility of acrylic resins 845

Cold flow of resins 846

Indications for acrylic crowns 846

Acrylic resin veneer crowns：the effect of tooth preparation on crown fabrication and future periodontal health 847

Repair of crowns utilizing synthetic resins 853

Repair of facings 853

Disadvantages of acrylic crowns 854

Early use of synthetic resins in fixed partial den-tures 854

Indications for acrylic fixed partial dentures 854

Advantages of acrylic fixed restorations 854

Disadvantages of acrylic fixed partial dentures 855

Types of acrylic fixed partial dentures 855

Types of abutment preparations 855

Conclusion 856

Chapter 39 Fundamental mechanics of fixed dental restorations； relation of mechanical forces to biologic reactions 859

Introduction 860

Force 860

Resolution and composition of forces 862

The couple and force transfer 863

Moment of a force—center of gravity of parallel forces 864

The laws of static equilibrium 865

Applications of laws of equilibrium on posterior bicuspid 866

Application of an eccentric occlusal load to the tooth 871

Induced forces in the fundus 872

The axial load effect 872

Resisting forces due to a couple 873

Effects of force upon material 874

Types of stress 875

Physical properties of materials 876

Structural signifi ance of physical properties 879

Beams—definitions 880

Beam reactions—the laws of static equilibrium 881

Shear and bending moment in a beam 882

Interrelationships between shear and bending moment 883

Stresses in a beam due to bending moment 884

Stresses in a circular bar subject to torque 886

Moments，centers of gravity.and moments of inertia of areas 886

Center of gravity 890

Section modulus—computing stresses in a bridge 891

Angular rotations of beam sections in terms of moment areas 893

Deflections of beams in terms of moment areas 895

Bending moment from a couple applied at the end of a beam 896

Deflections of any span of any beam 897

Deflections of beams due to bending in terms of maximum allowable unit stress 898

Statically indeterminate beams 899

The theorem of three moments 900

Settlements of supports—indeterminate beams 903

Beams of the anterior bridge type 904

Tied-back abutments 907

Chapter 40 Structural investigation and design of dental restorations （bridges） ；relationship of structural design to biologic acceptance 910

Fundamental considerations 910

Factors related to load-carrying capacity 911

Beam types represented among dental bridges 912

Comparative load-carrying characteristics of beam sections 916

Investigation of the dental bridge 919

Load at center of span 919

Soldered joint 5-6 920

Punching shear—joint 4-5 920

Some considerations in designing a dental bridge 921

Steps in the structural design of a dental bridge 923

Design of a two-pontic bridge 924

Punching shear at joint 5-4 926

Design of a tbree-pontic upper bridge 927

Design of an anterior bridge 928

Moments at the left support 928

At the mesial point （span center） 929

At point A （connection to the abutments）：3-2，2-3 929

Transferring the bridge reaction to the abutment 930

Chapter 41 Gothic arch tracings with Hanau adjustable articulator H2-XPR and face bow：separable registration trays and stone checkbites 932

Technic of using gothic arch tracings with the Hanau adjustable articulator，model H2-XPR；the adjustable face bow and separable regis-tration trays （clutches ） 934

Registration trays （clutches） 938

Investing and casting registration trays 943

Placing the recording apparatus on the patient 949

Face bow arms 951

Setting the Hanau H2-XPR adjustable articula-tor to the face bow and stone checkbite reg-istrations 965

Modeling compound zinc oxide-eugenol method of obtaining centric relation registration 975

Analyzing positions of condylar spheres 982