PART ONE OVERVIEW 4
Chapter 1 Introduction 4
1.1 What Operating Systems Do 4
1.2 Computer-System Organization 7
1.3 Computer-System Architecture 12
1.4 Operating-System Structure 19
1.5 Operating-System Operations 21
1.6 Process Management 24
1.7 Memory Management 25
1.8 Storage Management 26
1.9 Protection and Security 30
1.10 Kernel Data Structures 31
1.11 Computing Environments 35
1.12 Open-Source Operating Systems 43
1.13 Summary 47
Exercises 49
Bibliographical Notes 51
Chapter 2 System Structures 53
2.1 Operating-System Services 53
2.2 User and Operating-System Interface 56
2.3 System Calls 60
2.4 Types of System Calls 64
2.5 System Programs 72
2.6 Operating-System Design and Implementation 73
2.7 Operating-System Structure 76
2.8 Operating-System Debugging 84
2.9 Operating-System Generation 89
2.10 System Boot 90
2.11 Summary 91
Exercises 92
Bibliographical Notes 98
PART TWO PROCESS MANAGEMENT 103
Chapter 3 Process Concept 103
3.1 Process Concept 103
3.2 Process Scheduling 108
3.3 Operations on Processes 113
3.4 Interprocess Communication 120
3.5 Examples of IPC Systems 128
3.6 Communication in Client-Server Systems 134
3.7 Summary 145
Exercises 147
Bibliographical Notes 158
Chapter 4 Multithreaded Programming 161
4.1 Overview 161
4.2 Multicore Programming 164
4.3 Multithreading Models 167
4.4 Thread Libraries 169
4.5 Implicit Threading 175
4.6 Threading Issues 181
4.7 Operating-System Examples 186
4.8 Summary 189
Exercises 189
Bibliographical Notes 197
Chapter 5 Process Scheduling 201
5.1 Basic Concepts 201
5.2 Scheduling Criteria 205
5.3 Scheduling Algorithms 206
5.4 Thread Scheduling 217
5.5 Multiple-Processor Scheduling 218
5.6 Real-Time CPU Scheduling 223
5.7 Operating-System Examples 230
5.8 Algorithm Evaluation 240
5.9 Summary 244
Exercises 245
Bibliographical Notes 250
Chapter 6 Synchronization 253
6.1 Background 253
6.2 The Critical-Section Problem 256
6.3 Peterson’s Solution 257
6.4 Synchronization Hardware 259
6.5 Mutex Locks 262
6.6 Semaphores 263
6.7 Classic Problems of Synchronization 269
6.8 Monitors 273
6.9 Synchronization Examples 282
6.10 Alternative Approaches 288
6.11 Summary 292
Exercises 292
Bibliographical Notes 307
Chapter 7 Deadlocks 311
7.1 System Model 311
7.2 Deadlock Characterization 313
7.3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks 318
7.4 Deadlock Prevention 319
7.5 Deadlock Avoidance 323
7.6 Deadlock Detection 329
7.7 Recovery from Deadlock 333
7.8 Summary 335
Exercises 335
Bibliographical Notes 340
PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT 345
Chapter 8 Memory-Management Strategies 345
8.1 Background 345
8.2 Swapping 352
8.3 Contiguous Memory Allocation 354
8.4 Segmentation 358
8.5 Paging 360
8.6 Structure of the Page Table 372
8.7 Example：Intel 32 and 64-bit Architectures 377
8.8 Example：ARM Architecture 382
8.9 Summary 383
Exercises 384
Bibliographical Notes 387
Chapter 9 Virtual-Memory Management 389
9.1 Background 389
9.2 Demand Paging 393
9.3 Copy-on-Write 400
9.4 Page Replacement 401
9.5 Allocation of Frames 413
9.6 Thrashing 417
9.7 Memory-Mapped Files 422
9.8 Allocating Kernel Memory 428
9.9 Other Considerations 431
9.10 Operating-System Examples 437
9.11 Summary 440
Exercises 441
Bibliographical Notes 450
PART FOUR STORAGE MANAGEMENT 455
Chapter 10 File System 455
10.1 File Concept 455
10.2 Access Methods 465
10.3 Directory and Disk Structure 467
10.4 File-System Mounting 478
10.5 File Sharing 480
10.6 Protection 485
10.7 Summary 490
Exercises 491
Bibliographical Notes 492
Chapter 11 Implementing File-Systems 495
11.1 File-System Structure 495
11.2 File-System Implementation 498
11.3 Directory Implementation 504
11.4 Allocation Methods 505
11.5 Free-Space Management 513
11.6 Efficiency and Performance 516
11.7 Recovery 520
11.8 NFS 523
11.9 Example：The WAFL File System 529
11.10 Summary 532
Exercises 533
Bibliographical Notes 536
Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Structure 539
12.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure 539
12.2 Disk Structure 542
12.3 Disk Attachment 543
12.4 Disk Scheduling 544
12.5 Disk Management 550
12.6 Swap-Space Management 554
12.7 RAID Structure 556
12.8 Stable-Storage Implementation 566
12.9 Summary 568
Exercises 569
Bibliographical Notes 572
Chapter 13 I/O Systems 575
13.1 Overview 575
13.2 I/O Hardware 576
13.3 Application I/O Interface 585
13.4 Kernel I/O Subsystem 592
13.5 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations 599
13.6 STREAMS 601
13.7 Performance 603
13.8 Summary 606
Exercises 607
Bibliographical Notes 608
PART FIVE PROTECTION AND SECURITY 611
Chapter 14 System Protection 611
14.1 Goals of Protection 611
14.2 Principles of Protection 612
14.3 Domain of Protection 613
14.4 Access Matrix 618
14.5 Implementation of the Access Matrix 622
14.6 Access Control 625
14.7 Revocation of Access Rights 626
14.8 Capability-Based Systems 627
14.9 Language-Based Protection 630
14.10 Summary 635
Exercises 636
Bibliographical Notes 637
Chapter 15 System Security 641
15.1 The Security Problem 641
15.2 Program Threats 645
15.3 System and Network Threats 653
15.4 Cryptography as a Security Tool 658
15.5 User Authentication 669
15.6 Implementing Security Defenses 673
15.7 Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks 680
15.8 Computer-Security Classifications 682
15.9 An Example：Windows 7 683
15.10 Summary 685
Exercises 686
Bibliographical Notes 688
PART SIX CASE STUDIES 695
Chapter 16 The Linux System 695
16.1 Linux History 695
16.2 Design Principles 700
16.3 Kernel Modules 703
16.4 Process Management 706
16.5 Scheduling 709
16.6 Memory Management 714
16.7 File Systems 723
16.8 Input and Output 729
16.9 Interprocess Communication 732
16.10 Network Structure 733
16.11 Security 735
16.12 Summary 738
Exercises 738
Bibliographical Notes 740
Chapter 17 Windows 7 741
17.1 History 741
17.2 Design Principles 743
17.3 System Components 750
17.4 Terminal Services and Fast User Switching 774
17.5 File System 775
17.6 Networking 781
17.7 Programmer Interface 786
17.8 Summary 795
Exercises 795
Bibliographical Notes 796
Chapter 18 Influential Operating Systems 799
18.1 Feature Migration 799
18.2 Early Systems 800
18.3 Atlas 807
18.4 XDS-940 808
18.5 THE 809
18.6 RC 4000 809
18.7 CTSS 810
18.8 MULTICS 811
18.9 IBM OS/360 811
18.10 TOPS-20 813
18.11 CP/M and MS/DOS 813
18.12 Macintosh Operating System and Windows 814
18.13 Mach 814
18.14 Other Systems 816
Exercises 816
Bibliographical Notes 816