Opening Remarks L．F．LISCHER,Commonwealth Edison Company,Chicago 1
FOREWORD 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
A Time of Decision KARL H．RUDOLPH,Edison Electrical Institute and The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company,Cleveland 3
PUBLICITY AND PUBLICATION 4
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 5
The Snail Darter,Snapdragon,Saccharin Syndrome—More Power to Whom? CARL E．BAGGE,National Coal Association,Washington,D．C． 9
MEMORIAL TO DANIEL A．SULLIVAN 12
SESSION CHAIRMEN AND COCHAIRMEN 13
How Fast Should Coal Be Developed? GERALD L．DECKER,The Dow Chemical Company,Midland,Michigan 20
AMERICAN POWER CONFERENCE LUNCHEONS 20
Nuclear Power and Weapons Proliferation—The Thin Link CHAUNCEY STARR,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 26
Prospects for World Energy PHILIP H．ABELSON,Carnegie Institution of Washington and SCIENCE,Washington,D．C． 34
OPENING MEETING 34
GENERAL INTEREST SESSIONS 34
Invocation THE REVEREND DR．ANSELM H．AMADIO,Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago 34
ALL ENGINEERS DINNER 41
Energy:Where Are We Headed? CHARLES J．DIBONA,American Petroleum Institute,Washington,D．C． 41
ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN THE NEW ENERGY ECONOMY 49
Interfaces Between Educators and the Power Industry LEWIS F．HICKS,Ohio University,Athens 49
What Engineering Graduates Did Not Learn in School T．D．KOLFLAT,and A．F．ASCHOFF,Sargent Lundy,Chicago 54
Energy Education for the Future GEORGE H．MILEY,University of Illinois,Urbana 61
Student Paper Competition—Abstracts of Winning Papers DAVID LUBAR,Development of a Paper Money Identifier for the Blind,University of Illinois JOHN AUSTIN,A Digial Control Circuit for Triacs,Valparaiso University MIKE MICHEAL and DAVID WITKOWSKI,A 65
Overview of the Fuel Cycle,1977-81 M．LEVENSON,and E．ZEBROSKI;Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 67
NUCLEAR Ⅰ—NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 67
NUCLEAR SESSIONS 67
Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing From a Commercial Viewpoint R．L．DICKEMAN,Exxon Nuclear Company,Incorporated Belleview,Washington 87
Status of Federal Disposal Programs J．E．HOWARD,Boston Edison Company,Boston 94
The Outlook for Uranium and Enrichment Supply in the United States BERNARD H．CHERRY,General Public Utilities Corporation,Parsippany,New Jersey 100
Plutonium Recycle's Relation to the Future of Nuclear Power RAYMOND E．HOSKIN,Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga 107
NUCLEAR Ⅱ—NUCLEAR REGULATORY IMPACT 115
Nuclear Regulation VICTER STELLO,JR．,United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Washington,D．C． 115
Nuclear Regulation:The Industry Point of View JOHN E．WARD,Sargent Lundy,Los Angeles 120
Impact of Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulations on Fire Protection for Nuclear Plants LOUIS E．HAYDEN,and DONALD B．SCOTT;Brown and Root,Inc．,Houston JAMES R．SUMPTER,Houston Lighting and Power Company,Houston 127
Meeting the Latest Qualification Requirements for Class 1E Protection System Equipment—A Practical Approach R．P．DAIGLE,Combustion Engineering,Inc．,Windsor,Connecticut R．J．BREEN,The Foxboro Company,Foxboro,Massachusetts 132
Pollution Abatement Regulations for Nuclear Power Stations and Their Economic Impact FRANK M．SCOTT,and KRISHNA V．MAYENKAR;Harza Engineering Company,Chicago 141
Status of Prototype Large Breeder Reactor(PLBR)Designs L．E．MINNICK,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 152
NUCLEAR Ⅲ—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN 152
Reference Nuclear Power Plant Control Building Design A．P．STAKUTTIS,B．G．SCHULTZ,and L．S．BRIGHT,Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston 156
Fire Protection Design for Nuclear Plants WILLIAM B．BRENNER,GERALD C．VELLENDER,CLAUDE R．DIDIER,and ALBERT L．GARROU;Fluor Pioneer,Inc．,Chicago 165
Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Design RANDALL W．PACK,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 173
NUCLEAR Ⅳ—NUCLEAR PLANT RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY 180
Operating Reliability of Oconee Nuclear Station WILLIAM O．PARKER, JR．,Duke Power Company,Charlotte,North Carolina 180
Upgrading of PWRs to Enhance Plant Availability BARRY KOH,and DAVID E．HAMILTON;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Pittsburgh 192
Building a Comprehensive Spare Parts Program G．L．HEFTER,Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston J．M．BLACK,Northeast Nuclear Energy Company,Waterford,Connecticut 200
BWR Availability Improvement—Programs and Progress N．L．FELMUS,and W．C．ELHOFF;General Electric Company,San Jose 208
Increasing Reliability of Nuclear Steam Systems Utilizing Operating Experience Feedback J．C．DEDDENS,and F．R．FAHLAND;The Babcock Wilcox Company,Lynchburg,Virginia 216
NUCLEAR Ⅴ—NUCLEAR PLANT OPERATIONS:REDUCING LIMITATIONS 224
Design Approach to Pressurized Water Reactor Load Change Flexibility F．C．HOWELL,N．P．MUELLER,and K．J．DZIKOWSKI;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Pittsburgh 224
Progress in Reducing Stress Corrosion Cracking in BWR Piping RICHARD E．SMITH,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 232
Design and Planning for Effctive In-Service Inspection JOHN A．BREYNAFRT,and JOHN R．DENNIS,JR．;Stone and Webster Corporation,Boston 241
Future NRC Inspections of Operating Reactors ERNST VOLGENAU,United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Washington,D．C． 251
MECHANICAL SESSIONS 255
MECHANICAL Ⅰ—LARGE TURBINE-GENERATORS 255
Will Large Turbine-Generators of the Future Require Superconducting-Field Turbogenerators? WILHELM ENGELKE,and DIETRICH LAMBRECHT;Kraftwerk Union AG,Muelheim/Ruhr,West Germany JOHN S．JOYCE,Allis-Chalmers Power Systems Inc．,West Allis,Wisconsin 255
Inspection and Evaluation of In-Service Turbine Rotor Forgings D．P．TIMO,and R．J．PLACEK;General Electric Company,Schenectady 270
Large-Scale Testing for Improved Turbine Reliability W．G．STELTZ,D．D．ROSARD,P．H．MAEDEL,JR．,and R．L．BANNISTER;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Lester,Pennsylvania 282
Operating Experience With Bypass System in Fossil and Nuclear Power Plant KURT REINHARD,and G．SCHATZMANN;Brown Boveri and Cie,Ltd．,Baden,Switzerland Z．STANLEY STYS,Brown Boveri Corporation,North Brunswick,New Jersey 294
Economics of High Back Pressure Turbines With Dry Cooling Systems ROBERT D．MITCHELL,and JOHN P．ROSSIE;R．W．Beck and Associates,Denver 300
MECHANICAL Ⅱ—FLUE GAS TECHNOLOGY 309
Current Assessment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology R．L．ANDREWS,Ebasco Services Incorporated,New York 309
A 100-MW Second Generation SO2 Removal Demonstration Plant for New York State Utilities ROBERT G．ALDRICH,Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Syracuse,New York RICHARD D．OLDENKAMP,Atomics International Division,Canoga Park,California 319
Cleaning Up Stack Gas Without Production of Unsalable Byproducts A．HENNICO,O．ODELLO,S．FRANKOWIAK,P．J．SALVAT,and N．DEZAEL;Institut Francais du Petrole,Paris,France P．BONNIFAY B．CHA,and J．W．ANDREWS;Institut Francais du Petrole,New York 327
MECHANICAL Ⅲ—INDUSTRIAL POWER PLANT CLINIC 336
Latest Developments inNatural-Circulation Boiler Design M．WIENER,The Babcock Wilcox Company,Barberton,Ohio 336
Design for Availability—An Update D．E．LYONS,and S．S．BLACKBURN;Combustion Engineering,Inc．,Windsor,Connecticut 349
Steam Generator/Turbine Matching at Public Service Indiana Gibson Station L．W．LEATH,and M．A．COLVIN;Public Service Indiana,Plainfield W．P．GORZEGNO,and J．A．BROWN;Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation,Livingston,New Jersey 369
Draft Control System Design,Simulation and Test for a High Implosion Potential Boiler H．D．VOLLMER,Bailey Meter Company,Willoughby,Ohio JOHN M．UNDRILL,Power Technologies Inc．,Schenectady H．G．CRIM,JR．,Potomac Power Company,Washington,D．C． 388
MECHANICAL Ⅳ—CENTRAL STATION POWER GENERATION 398
The Use of Cost Variance Analysis to Compare Base-Load Electrical Power Generation Methods EDGAR F．JACOBI,and ANTHONY A．MASTOR;TRW Energy Systems,Inc．,Redondo Beach,California 398
Economics of Coal and Nuclear Electricity—A Treatment of Inflation and Differential Cost Increases DOAN L．PHUNG,ALFRED M．PERRY,and CHARLES E．WHITTLE;Institute for Energy Analysis,Oak Ridge,Tennessee 407
San Miguel Project LOUIS S．GEE,Tippett and Gee,Inc．,Abilene,Texas 416
MECHANICAL Ⅴ—FOSSIL FUELS 433
ERDA's Program for Coal and Coal-Derived Fuel-Fired Utility Power Generation STEVEN I．FREEDMAN,and JOHN N．EUSTIS;Energy Research and Development Administration,Washington,D．C． 433
Fluidized-Bed Combustion of Coal:Status and Prospects JOHN S．GORDON,Mitre Corporation,McLean,Virginia 441
Correlation of Fireside Boiler Fouling With North Dakota Lignite Ash Characteristics and Power Plant Operating Conditions EVERETTA．SONDREAL,STANLEY J．SELLE,and PHILIP H．TUFTE;Energy Research and Development Administration,Grand Forks,North Dakota 448
Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Coal Preparation for Sulfur Removal J．CLEMENT BURDICK,SAM H．CALHOUN,PETER A．KRENKEL,andKAREN L．MCDOWELL;Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga 462
Preparation and Burning of Solvent-Refined Coal WILLIAM DOWNS,and CHARLES L．WAGONER;The Babcock Wilcox Company,Alliance,Ohio ROBERT C．CARR,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,Califormia 467
MECHANICAL Ⅵ—POWWER PLANT AUXILIARIES 476
Study of Feedwater Cycles With Multiple Direct Contact Heaters I．OLIKER,Burns and Roe,Inc．,Oradell,New Jersey 476
Fugitive Dust Control for Power Plant Coal-Handling and Storage Systems H．DAVIS EGE,JR．,and WILLIAM J．WARD,JR．;Burns McDonnell Engineering Company,Kansas City,Missouri 489
Optimization of Waste Disposal Systems in Control of Environmental Impact of Coal-Fired Utilities LEONARD BREITSTEIN,WILLIAM ELLISON,and MURRAY WARNER;NUS Corporation,Rockville,Maryland WAYNE M．NEELEY,NUS Corporation,Pittsburgh 497
Foundations for Big Cajun No.2 ROBERT A．DUDEK,Bovay Engineers,Inc．,Houston 508
Some BoilerFeed Equipment and System Design Parameters—Effect on Pump Life W．O．SHEPHERD,and R．L．GODIN;Dresser Industries,Inc．,Huntington Park,California 515
MECHANICAL Ⅶ—GAS TURBINES AND COMBINED CYCLES 524
An Ultra-High-Temperature Gas Turbine for Coal-Derived Fuels,With Maximum Flexibility W．H．DAY,General Electric Company,Schenectady 524
Design and Development of the Gas Turbine HTGR Power Plant THOMAS W．SCHOENE,and JOHN M．KRASE;General Atomic Company,San Diego 538
A Compressed-Air Storage Plant With A Cavern in Salt KIRBY G．VOSBURGH,DAVID C．GOLIBERSUCH,P．MALCOLM JARVIS,JOHN A．BAST,and JOHN．H．ESKESEN;General Electric Company,Schenectady A．S．MITCHELL,Fenix and Scisson,Inc．,Tulsa EDWARD J．SOSNOWICZ,United 549
Siting Considerations for Locating Combustion Turbine Generating Units on Nuclear Plant Sites E．CONNELL,III,and C．J．TYBURK;Fluor Pioneer Inc．,Chicago 557
Small Utility Experience With Supplementary-Fired Combined-Cycle Power Generation RICHARD B．WAITE,Taunton Municipal Lighting Plant,Taunton,Massachusetts 563
MECHANICAL Ⅷ—PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL 569
Flue Gas Conditioning With SO3 to Improve Precipitator Performance JAMES H．BRENNAN,The Detroit Edison Company,Detroit ROBERT L．REVELEY,WAHLCO,Inc．,Santa Ana,California 569
Chemical Conditioning of Low-Sulfur Western Coal RICHARD BORSHEIM,The Montana Power Company,Butte,Montana ROBERT P．BENNETT,Apollo Chemical Corporation,Whippany,New Jersey 576
Operating Experience With Hot Precipitators on Western Low-Sulfur Coals A．B．WALKER,Research-Cottrell,Bound Brook,New Jersey 582
Prepared Discussion STEN MAARTMANN,AB Svenska Flaktfabriken,Stockholm 591
Author's Closure Fabric Filter and Electrostatic Precipitator Fine 593
Particle Emission Comparison ROBERT CARR,and WALTER PIULLE;Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,California JOHN P．GOOCH,Southern Research Institute,Birmingham,Alabama 595
Retrofit Electrostatic Precipitators—How Do You Get From Here to There? RICHARD K．MILLER,The Dayton Power and Light Company,Dayton,Ohio 610
Design Problems in Applying Fabric Collectors to Boilers GRANT D．APPLEWHITE,American Air Filter Company,Inc．,Louisville,Kentucky 616
MECHANICAL Ⅸ—NOVEL FORMS OF POWER GENERATION 622
Fixed Mirror Solar Concentrator for Central Station Generation JOHN L．RUSSELL,JR．,General Atomic Company,San Diego 622
Impact of Solar Energy on Electric Utility Generation System Reliability and Operations G．A．JORDAN,and R．W．MOISAN;General Electric Company,Schenectady G．P．O'BRIEN,General Electric Company,Philadelphia 635
Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Central Power Station DAVID A．MCCUTCHAN,PAUL F．PITTMAN,ROBERT R．FERBER,GEORGE C．RUSCHAK,JR．,and CARL R．CHOWANIEC;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 642
Open-Cycle MHD Energy Conversion—Prospects and Developments for Central Station Power Generation F．HALS,S．PETTY,D．STICKLER,and A．SOLBES,AVCO Everett Research Laboratory,Inc．,Everett,Massachusetts 651
Prospects for Utility Applications of Fusion Power WILLIAM C．GOUGH,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 664
MECHANICAL Ⅹ—COOLING SYSTEMS 676
Assessment of Cooling Water Supply in the United States D．E．PETERSON,and J．C．SONNICHSEN,JR．;Westinghouse Hanford Company,Richland,Washington 676
The Acquisition and Analysis of Thermal Performance Data on a Natural-Draft Cooling Tower KARL R．WILBER,Environmental Systems Corporation,Knoxville,Tennessee ROBERT P．CAREY,Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company,Cincinnati 685
Noise Emission Characteristics of Circular Mechanical,Natural and Fan-Assist Natural-Draft Cooling Towers With Silencers G．A．CAPANO,Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston 691
Heat Rejection for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant ANDREW M．DONALDSON,Burns and Roe,Inc．,Los Angeles 702
Crosswind and Internal Flow Characteristics of Dry Cooling Towers T．V．JONES,and D．W．HOLDER;University of Oxford,England C．M．B．RUSSELL,C-E Lummus Heat Transfer Division,London M．VERLINDEN,Hamon-Sobelco S．A．,Brussels,Belgium H．R．MCCHESNEY 709
INDUSTRIAL Ⅱ—INDUSTRIAL POWER PLANT CLINIC 719
The“Ten Demandments”for Safe and Reliable Operation of Steam Boilers S．F．HARRISON,The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors,Columbus,Ohio 719
INDUSTRIAL SESSIONS 719
INDUSTRIAL Ⅲ—INDUSTRIAL BOILERS AND TURBINES 724
Vibration Prevention in Boiler Banks of Industrial Boilers J．D．ROGERS,F．H．ARENSTAM,and R．D．KNIGHT,Combustion Engineering,Inc．,Windsor,Connecticut 724
Electric Boilers up to 157,000 Pounds Per Hour:Available Designs and Current Applications TERRENCE J．HEIL,and CHARLES H．LEATHAM,JR．,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 735
Studies of a Small PWR for On-Site Industrial Power O．H．KLEPPER,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge W．R．SMITH,The Babcock Wilcox Company,Lynchburgh,Virginia 744
Solid-State Electronic Systems for Power Plant Interlock and Control ROBERT C．SZCZERBICKI,and DAVID B．IREDELL;Stanley Consultants,Inc．,Muscatine,Iowa 755
The Impact of Higher Energy Costs on Turbine System Selection for Industry JOHN M．KOVACIK,General Electric Company,Schenectady 765
INDUSTRIAL Ⅳ—QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS 774
Quality Assurance in E．I．du Pont de Nemours and Company,Inc． P．P．CARROLL,E．I．du Pont de Nemours and Company,Wilmington,Delaware 774
Quality Assurance of General Electric Industrial Steam Turbine-Generators WILLIAM E．GEHR,General Electric Company,Lynn,Massachusetts 778
Quality Assurance in Pumps MILTON F．HAGERSTROM,Ingersoll-Rand Company,Phillipsburg,New Jersey 784
INDUSTRIAL Ⅴ—HEAT PUMP AND THERMAL STORAGE APPLICATIONS 789
TVA's Experience and Work With the Electric Heat Pump G．DOUGLAS CARVER,Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga,Tennessee 789
Commercial Feasibility of Thermal Storage in Buildings for Utility Load Leveling J．G．ASBURY, R．F．GIESE, R．O．MUELLER,andS．H．NELSON;Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne,Illinois 795
Thermoelectric Heat Pump for Residential Heating and Cooling ZALMAN LAVAN,R．A．BUDEKHOLZER,I．B．FIELDHOUSE,and B．MATHIPARKASAM;Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago 805
The Unitary Heat Pump Industry—1952 to 1977 JOSEPH A．PIETSCH,General Electric Company,Tyler,Texas 816
WATER TECHNOLOGY SESSIONS 822
WATER TECHNOLOGY Ⅰ—NUCLEAR STEAM GENERATOR WATER CHEMISTRY 822
Report of Activities of the ASME Research Committee on Water in Thermal Power Systems—1976 H．J．VYHNALEK,The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company,Cleveland 822
EPRI Steam Generator Programs L．J．MARTEL,and T．O．PASSELL;Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,California P．E．C．BRYANT,and R．M．RENTLER;Combustion Engineering,Windsor,Connecticut 825
PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Study—Progress Report W．L．PEARL,and S．G．SAWOCHKA;Nuclear Water and Waste Technology Corporation,San Jose 840
Solids Behavior in Once-Through Nuclear Steam Systems M．J．BELL,The Babcock Wilcox Company,Lynchburg,Virginia N．J．MRAVICH,F．J．POCOCK,and M．M．RUBRIGHT;The Babcock Wilcox Company,Alliance,Ohio 849
Prepared Discussions K．H．FREDERICK,Metropolitan Edison Company,Middletown,Pennsylvania G．C．GOULD,General Electric Company,Schenectady,New York 865
Authors'Closure 866
WATER TECHNOLOGY Ⅱ—POWER PLANT WASTE WATER SYSTEMS 868
Duke Power Company Ash Basin Equivalency Demonstration for Metal Cleaning Wastes W．A．HALLER,J．E．HARWOOD,S．T．MAYNE,and A．GNILKA;Duke Power Company,Charlotte,North Carolina 868
Design and Implementation of the San Diego Gas and Electric CompanyWaste Water Treatment System ROBERT V．PELTIER,San Diego Gas and Electric Company,San Diego JERRY E．BRENMAN,Ecodyne Corporation,Union,New Jersey 875
The Design of Waste Water Treatment Facilities for The Detroit Edison Company GERALD C．KAERCHER,The Detroit Edison Company,Detroit ROBERT M．ROSAIN,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 889
San Juan Station Water Management Program RICHARD E．DASCHER,Public Service Company of New Mexico,Albuquerque F．R．LEPPER,JR．,Resources Conservation Co．,Renton,Washington 896
WATER TECHNOLOGY Ⅲ—CREATIVE SOLUTIONS TO WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS 909
Examinations of Superheater Oxidation Products by Scanning Electron Microscopy W．GRANT MCPHERSON,and LARRY D．MARTIN;Halliburton Services,Duncan,Oklahoma 909
Feedwater Line Corrosion J．Brown,and P．MCSWEENEY;Ontario Hydro,Toronto,Canada 918
Treating Secondary Sewage for Water Use at an Air-Cooled Power Plant HENRY BYDALEK,and JOHN F．KROON;Stone Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston A．H．SEEKAMP,Pacific Power Light Company,Portland 925
Prepared Discussion E．J．CONNELLEY,The Permutit Company,Paramus,New Jersey 932
An Assessment of Intermittent and Continuous Chlorination and Bromochlorination Schemes for Control of Estuarine Fouling Organisms in Once-Through Cooling Systems DENNIS T．BURTON,Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory,Benedict,Maryland 934
HYDROELECTRIC SESSION 943
SYMPOSIUM ON THE GRAND COULEE THIRD POWER PLANT 943
Planning the Third Power Plant NORMAN H．MOORE,United States Bureau of Reclamation,Boise,Idaho 943
Special Design Problems WILLIAM C．STEVENSON,United States Department of Interior,Denver,Colorado 953
Construction ROBERT J．MUELLER,United States Bureau of Reclamation,Grand Coulee,Washington,D．C． 957
Operation ROBERT J．MUELLER,United States Bureau of Reclamation,Grand Coulee,Washington,D．C． 963
Turbines ROGER S．ALLAN,Dominion Engineering Works Limited,Montreal,Quebec,Canada 968
820,000-Horsepower Hydraulic Turbines PAUL S．NIESWANDER,Bingham-Williamette Company,Portland,Oregon 970
The 700-MW Turbine JAMES H．FISCHER,Allis-Chalmers Corporation,York,Pennsylvania 975
Generators—Units 22,23,24 DAVID J．PARKER,Canadian General Electric Company Limited Peterborough,Ontario 986
ELECTRICAL SESSIONS 993
ELECTRICAL Ⅰ—SYSTEM PLANNING 993
Load Forecasting in Today's Environment JAMES A．MCMAHON,and LYNN C．MAXWELL,Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga 993
Adding Financial Simulation to Long-Range Generation Planning R．P．FELAK,W．D．MARSH,R．W．MOISAN,and R．M．SIGLEY;General Electric Company,Schenectady 999
Techniques for Analyzing Regional Electric Energy Demand and Capacity Requirements P．F．SCHWEIZER,and H．J．GANGLOFF;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Pittsburgh 1010
Minimization of Vars in System Planning H．H．HAPP,and K．A．WIRGAU;General Electric Company,Schenectady 1019
Turbine-Generator Mechanical Requirements Due to Power System Interactions H．E．LOKAY,C．RACZKOWSKI,and D．G．RANEY;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 1026
ELECTRICAL Ⅱ—PCB REPLACEMENT 1035
The Non-PCB Power Capactior—Environmental Compatibility and Capacitor Performance G．R．NEWCOMB,and R．A．STENGER;General Electric Company,Hudson Falls,New York 1035
Wemcol Capacitor Fluid Development GEORGE E．MERCIER,Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Bloomington,Indiana 1043
A New Dielectric Fluid for Power Capacitors JOHN LAPP,McGraw-Edison Company,Greenwood,South Carolina 1052
PCB Replacement in Transformers HARRY R．SHEPPARD,Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Sharon,Pennsylvania 1062
Silicone-Liquid-Filled Transformers R．A．NELSON,General Electric Company,Rome,Georgia 1069
ELECTRICAL Ⅲ—OPERATION AND RELIABILITY 1075
Optimal Power System Operation Analysis Techniques KHALIL NAJAF-ZADEH,and JAMES T．NIKOLAS;Harza Engineering Company,Chicago S．W．ANDERSON,Commonwealth Edison Company,Chicago 1075
Experience in Maintaining and Using a Large On-Line Power Flow Model EUGENE E．CIESIELSKI,DENNIS G．FRIEND,and KENNETH J．ROONEY;Commonwealth Edison Company,Chicago 1082
Reliability and Adequacy of North American Electric Bulk Power Supply KENNETH E．WOLTERS,Wisconsin Electric Power Company,Milwaukee 1090
Application of the Emergency Operating Procedures Analysis in Generation System Reliability J．F．KENNEY,New York Power Pool,Schenectady R．W．MOISAN,General Electric Company,Schenectady 1098
Multilevel Generation Control ofPower Pools and Superpools H．H．HAPP,General Electric Company,Schenectady J．E．KOEHLER,New York Power Pool,Schenectady 1104
A Program for UHV Transmission H．N．SCHERER,JR．,and B．J．WARE;American Electric Power Service Corporation,New York H．B．THOREN,ASEA,Vasteras,Sweden 1109
ELECTRICAL Ⅳ—TRANSMISSION Ⅰ 1109
Study of the Optimum Development of Transmission Systems With Superimposed Voltage Levels U．MAGANOLI,G．MANZONI,M．SFORZINI,and A．TASCHINI;ENEL-Centro di Ricerca Elettrica,Milan,Italy 1121
Static Var Generators for Transmission Systems JOHN H．CRONIN,and W．JOHN LORDEON;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh GERALD B．OSTROSKI,Minnesota Power Light Company,Duluth 1133
Test Performance and Operating Experience With the Navajo SSR Protective Equipment C．E．J．BOWLER,and D．H．BAKER;General Electric Company,Schenectady N．A．MINCER,P．R．VANDIVEER,and F．ROSE;Salt River Project,Phoenix 1144
ELECTRICAL Ⅴ—DISTRIBUTION 1155
Electrical Loads Can Be Forecasted for Distribution Planning E．E．MENGE,V．F．WILREKER,and J．E．D．NORTCOTE-GREEN;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 1155
Unique Computer Optimization Program Obsoletes Rule-of-Thumb Distribution System Improvement Methods ERIC SHUFORD,Carolina Power and Light Company,Raleigh,North Carolina J．BRYAN,Allis-Chalmers Corporation,Gadsden,Alabama 1163
The New National Electrical Safety Code ANSI C2 FRANK A．DENBROCK,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 1169
ELECTRICAL Ⅵ—TRANSMISSION Ⅱ 1183
HVDC Transmission Assessment K．R．SHAH,W．F．GRIFFARD,and F．A．DENBROCK;Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 1183
Technical and Environmental Considerations in the Design of the Square Butte HVDC Transmission Terminals I．VANCERS,Minnesota Power Light Company,Duluth A．MOLNAR,General Electric Company,Schenectady J．FINK,General Electric Company,Philadelphia 1191
Transient Overvoltages Resulting From Fault Initiation in Series-Compensated Systems V．MADZAREVIC,Southern California Edison Company,Los Angeles R．G．ROCAMORA,McGraw-Edison Company,Canonsburg,Pennsylvania 1202
Field Measurements of the Electrical Effects of EHV Transmission Lines W．J．FERN,Commonwealth Edison Company,Maywood,Illinois R．A．ZALEWSKI,IIT Research Institute,Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago 1207
ELECTRICAL Ⅶ—DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN POWER SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS 1226
Electronic Versus Conventional Controls in Power Plants:Advantages and Disadvantages EUGENE ZAKIS,Sargent Lundy,Chicago 1226
ELECTRICAL Ⅷ—GENERATION 1231
Some New Considerations in Generating Unit Protection M．S．BALDWIN,and J．J．BONK;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 1231
Improving Protection of Unit-Connected Generators ERIC T．B．GROSS,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Troy,New York 1240
ELECTRICAL Ⅸ—TRANSMISSION Ⅲ 1246
Electrostatic Induction Measurements on Mobile Objects Conducted at the Apple Grove 750-kV Project M．D．PERKINS,Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh H．J．NOWAK,Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation,Syracuse,New York 1246
Investigation of Electric Fields of EHV Substations STEPHEN A．SEBO,and ROSS CALDECOTT;The Ohio State University,Columbus 1259
Submarine Transmission From an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant JAMES A．NELSON,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 1270
ELECTRICAL Ⅹ—SUBSTATIONS 1278
PROBE—A Feasibility Demonstration of Substation and Distribution Automation J．F．CROGHAN,and D．R．JENKINS;Commonwealth Edison Company,Maywood,Illinois F．A．RUSHDEN,Niagara Mohawk Power Company,Syracuse,New York J．B．BUNCH,and G．P．GURR,General 1278
Lightning Protection Requirements of SF6 Substation Determined by Hybrid Simulator R．A．HEDIN, J．J．MINNICK,and K．W．PRIEST;Allis-Chalmers Corporation,West Allis,Wisconsin J．D．TRANEN,New England Electric System,Westborough,Massachusetts 1288
Gas-Insulated Switchgear Solves Difficult Problems at Hydroelectric Plants EDGAR A．COOPER,and JAMES T．NIKOLAS;Harza Engineering Company,Chicago 1295